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#' @title Approximate Confidence Intervals for the Population Attributable Fraction
#'
#' @description Function that calculates approximate confidence intervals to the population attributable fraction
#'
#' @param Xmean Mean value of exposure levels.
#'
#' @param Xvar Variance of exposure levels.
#'
#' @param thetahat Estimator (vector or matrix) of \code{theta} for the
#' Relative Risk function \code{rr}
#'
#' @param thetavar Estimator of variance of \code{thetahat}
#'
#' @param rr Function for Relative Risk which uses parameter
#' \code{theta}. The order of the parameters shound be \code{rr(X, theta)}.
#'
#'
#' **Optional**
#'
#' @param cft Function \code{cft(X)} for counterfactual. Leave empty for
#' the Population Attributable Fraction \code{\link{paf}} where counterfactual
#' is 0 exposure.
#'
#' @param confidence Concidence level (0 to 100) default = \code{95} \%
#'
#' @param nsim Number of simulations for estimation of variance
#'
#' @param check_thetas Checks that theta parameters are correctly inputed
#'
#' @param check_cft Check if counterfactual function \code{cft} reduces exposure.
#'
#' @param check_xvar Check if it is covariance matrix.
#'
#'@param check_exposure Check that exposure \code{X} is positive and numeric
#'
#'@param check_rr Check that Relative Risk function \code{rr} equals
#' \code{1} when evaluated at \code{0}
#'
#'@param deriv.method.args \code{method.args} for
#' \code{\link[numDeriv]{hessian}}.
#'
#'@param deriv.method \code{method} for \code{\link[numDeriv]{hessian}}.
#' Don't change this unless you know what you are doing.
#'
#'@param check_integrals Check that counterfactual and relative risk's expected
#' values are well defined for this scenario.
#'
#' @param is_paf Force evaluation of paf
#'
#' @author Rodrigo Zepeda-Tello \email{rzepeda17@gmail.com}
#' @author Dalia Camacho-GarcĂa-FormentĂ \email{daliaf172@gmail.com}
#'
#' @examples
#' \dontrun{
#' #Example 1: Exponential Relative risk
#' #--------------------------------------------
#' set.seed(46987)
#' rr <- function(X,theta){exp(X*theta)}
#' cft <- function(X){0.5*X}
#' X <- runif(1000)
#' Xmean <- data.frame(mean(X))
#' Xvar <- var(X)
#' theta <- 0.2
#' thetavar <- 0.015
#' pif.confidence.approximate(Xmean, Xvar, theta, thetavar, rr)
#' pif.confidence.approximate(Xmean, Xvar, theta, thetavar, rr, cft)
#'
#' #Example 2: Multivariate example
#' #--------------------------------------------
#' X1 <- rnorm(1000,3,.5)
#' X2 <- rnorm(1000,4,1)
#' X <- as.matrix(cbind(X1,X2))
#' Xmean <- data.frame(t(colMeans(X)))
#' Xvar <- cov(X)
#' theta <- c(0.12, 0.17)
#' thetavar <- matrix(c(0.001, 0.00001, 0.00001, 0.004), byrow = TRUE, nrow = 2)
#' rr <- function(X, theta){exp(theta[1]*X[,1] + theta[2]*X[,2])}
#' pif.confidence.approximate(Xmean, Xvar, theta, thetavar, rr,
#' cft = function(X){cbind(0.5*X[,1],0.4*X[,2])})
#' }
#' @importFrom stats qnorm
#' @keywords internal
#' @export
pif.confidence.approximate <- function(Xmean, Xvar, thetahat, thetavar, rr,
cft = function(Xmean){matrix(0,ncol = ncol(as.matrix(Xmean)), nrow = nrow(as.matrix(Xmean)))},
check_thetas = TRUE, check_cft = TRUE, check_xvar = TRUE, check_rr = TRUE,
check_integrals = TRUE, check_exposure = TRUE, deriv.method.args = list(),
deriv.method = c("Richardson", "complex"), nsim = 1000, confidence = 95,
is_paf = FALSE){
#Check confidence interval
check.confidence(confidence)
#Set the vector for the confidence intervals
.ci <- c("Lower_CI" = NA, "Point_Estimate" = NA, "Upper_CI" = NA, "Estimated_Variance" = NA)
#Set Z for the confidence interval
Z <- qnorm(1 - ((100-confidence)/200))
#Get the point estimate and variance
.ci["Point_Estimate"] <- pif.approximate(X = Xmean, Xvar = Xvar, thetahat = thetahat,
rr = rr, cft = cft,
deriv.method.args = deriv.method.args,
deriv.method = deriv.method,
check_exposure = check_exposure,
check_rr = check_rr,
check_integrals = check_integrals,
is_paf = is_paf)
.ci["Estimated_Variance"] <-
pif.variance.approximate.linear(X = Xmean, thetahat = thetahat, rr = rr,
thetavar = thetavar, Xvar = Xvar, cft = cft,
check_thetas = check_thetas, check_cft = check_cft,
check_xvar = check_xvar, check_rr = FALSE,
check_integrals = FALSE, check_exposure = FALSE,
deriv.method.args = deriv.method.args,
deriv.method = deriv.method, nsim = nsim, is_paf = is_paf)
#Get lower and upper ci (asymptotically normal)
.ci["Lower_CI"] <- .ci["Point_Estimate"] - Z*sqrt(.ci["Estimated_Variance"])
.ci["Upper_CI"] <- .ci["Point_Estimate"] + Z*sqrt(.ci["Estimated_Variance"])
.ci["Upper_CI"] <- min(.ci["Upper_CI"] , 1)
return(.ci)
}
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