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#' @title Plot of Potential Impact Fraction under different values of Relative
#' Risk's parameter theta
#'
#' @description Function that plots the \code{\link{pif}} under different values
#' of a univariate parameter \code{theta} of the relative risk function \code{rr}
#' which depends on the exposure \code{X} and a parameter \code{theta}
#' (\code{rr(X, theta)})
#'
#' @param X Random sample (\code{data.frame}) which includes exposure
#' and covariates or sample \code{mean} if \code{"approximate"} method is
#' selected.
#'
#' @param thetalow Minimum of \code{theta} (parameter of relative risk
#' \code{rr}) for plot.
#'
#' @param thetaup Maximum of \code{theta} (parameter of relative risk
#' \code{rr}) for plot.
#'
#' @param rr \code{function} for Relative Risk which uses parameter
#' \code{theta}. The order of the parameters should be \code{rr(X, theta)}.
#'
#' \strong{**Optional**}
#'
#' @param cft Function \code{cft(X)} for counterfactual. Leave empty for
#' the Population Attributable Fraction \code{\link{paf}} where
#' counterfactual is that of the theoretical minimum risk exposure
#' \code{X0} such that \code{rr(X0,theta) = 1}.
#'
#' @param weights Normalized survey \code{weights} for the sample \code{X}.
#'
#' @param method Either \code{"empirical"} (default), \code{"kernel"} or
#' \code{"approximate"}. For details on estimation methods see
#' \code{\link{pif}}.
#'
#' @param confidence Confidence level \% (default \code{95}).
#'
#' @param confidence_method Either \code{bootstrap} (default), \code{linear},
#' \code{loglinear}. See \code{\link{paf}} details for additional information.
#'
#' @param Xvar Variance of exposure levels (for \code{"approximate"}
#' method).
#'
#' @param deriv.method.args \code{method.args} for
#' \code{\link[numDeriv]{hessian}} (for \code{"approximate"} method).
#'
#' @param deriv.method \code{method} for \code{\link[numDeriv]{hessian}}.
#' Don't change this unless you know what you are doing (for
#' \code{"approximate"} method).
#'
#' @param ktype \code{kernel} type: \code{"gaussian"},
#' \code{"epanechnikov"}, \code{"rectangular"}, \code{"triangular"},
#' \code{"biweight"}, \code{"cosine"}, \code{"optcosine"} (for \code{"kernel"}
#' method). Additional information on kernels in \code{\link[stats]{density}}.
#'
#' @param bw Smoothing bandwith parameter (for
#' \code{"kernel"} method) from \code{\link[stats]{density}}. Default
#' \code{"SJ"}.
#'
#' @param adjust Adjust bandwith parameter (for \code{"kernel"}
#' method) from \code{\link[stats]{density}}.
#'
#' @param n Number of equally spaced points at which the density (for
#' \code{"kernel"} method) is to be estimated (see
#' \code{\link[stats]{density}}).
#'
#' @param nsim Number of simulations to generate confidence intervals.
#'
#' @param mpoints Number of points in plot.
#'
#' @param colors \code{vector} Colours of plot.
#'
#' @param xlab \code{string} Label of x-axis in plot.
#'
#' @param ylab \code{string} Label of y-axis in plot.
#'
#' @param title \code{string} Title of plot.
#'
#' @param check_thetas \code{boolean} Check that theta associated parameters are
#' correctly inputed for the model.
#'
#' @param check_exposure \code{boolean} Check that exposure \code{X} is
#' positive and numeric.
#'
#' @param check_cft \code{boolean} Check that counterfactual function
#' \code{cft} reduces exposure.
#'
#' @param check_xvar \code{boolean} Check \code{Xvar} is covariance matrix.
#'
#' @param check_integrals \code{boolean} Check that counterfactual \code{cft}
#' and relative risk's \code{rr} expected values are well defined for this
#' scenario.
#'
#' @param check_rr \code{boolean} Check that Relative Risk function \code{rr} equals
#' \code{1} when evaluated at \code{0}.
#'
#' @param is_paf Boolean forcing evaluation of \code{\link{paf}}. This forces
#' the \code{pif} function ignore the inputed counterfactual and set it to the
#' theoretical minimum risk value of \code{1}.
#'
#' @return pif.plot \code{\link[ggplot2]{ggplot}} object with plot of
#' Potential Impact Fraction as function of \code{theta}.
#'
#' @author Rodrigo Zepeda-Tello \email{rzepeda17@gmail.com}
#' @author Dalia Camacho-GarcĂa-FormentĂ \email{daliaf172@gmail.com}
#'
#' @import ggplot2
#'
#' @examples
#'
#' #Example 1: Exponential Relative Risk empirical method
#' #-----------------------------------------------------
#' \dontrun{
#' set.seed(18427)
#' X <- data.frame(Exposure = rbeta(25, 4.2, 10))
#' pif.plot(X, thetalow = 0, thetaup = 10, rr = function(X, theta){exp(theta*X)})
#'
#' #Same example with kernel method
#' pif.plot(X, thetalow = 0, thetaup = 10, rr = function(X, theta){exp(theta*X)},
#' method = "kernel", title = "Kernel method example")
#'
#' #Same example for approximate method. Notice that approximate method has
#' #more uncertainty
#' Xmean <- data.frame(mean(X[,"Exposure"]))
#' Xvar <- var(X)
#' pif.plot(Xmean, thetalow = 0, thetaup = 10, rr = function(X, theta){exp(theta*X)},
#' method = "approximate", Xvar = Xvar, title = "Approximate method example")
#'
#' #Example with counterfactual
#' pif.plot(X, thetalow = -10, thetaup = -5, rr = function(X, theta){exp(theta*X)},
#' cft = function(X){sqrt(X)})
#'
#' #Example for approximate method with square root counterfactual
#' #Notice how the approximate represents information loss and thus the interval
#' #loses precision.
#' pif.plot(Xmean, thetalow = -10, thetaup = -5, rr = function(X, theta){exp(theta*X)},
#' cft = function(X){sqrt(X)}, method = "approximate", Xvar = Xvar)
#' }
#'
#' @seealso
#'
#' See \code{\link{pif}} for Potential Impact Fraction estimation with
#' confidence intervals \code{\link{pif.confidence}}.
#'
#' See \code{\link{paf.plot}} for same plot with
#' Population Attributable Fraction \code{\link{paf}}.
#'
#' @export
pif.plot <- function(X, thetalow, thetaup, rr,
cft = NA,
method = "empirical",
confidence_method = "bootstrap",
confidence = 95,
nsim = 100,
weights = rep(1/nrow(as.matrix(X)),nrow(as.matrix(X))),
mpoints = 100,
adjust = 1, n = 512,
Xvar = var(X),
deriv.method.args = list(),
deriv.method = "Richardson",
ktype = "gaussian",
bw = "SJ",
colors = c("deepskyblue", "gray25"),
xlab = "Theta", ylab = "PIF",
title = "Potential Impact Fraction (PIF) under different values of theta",
check_exposure = TRUE, check_rr = TRUE, check_integrals = TRUE,
check_cft=TRUE, check_thetas=TRUE, check_xvar=TRUE,
is_paf = FALSE){
#Check thetas are univariate
if(length(thetalow) > 1 || length(thetaup) > 1){
stop("pif.plot only works for rr with unidimensional theta")
}
#Check that we are able to plot
if (thetalow >= thetaup){
stop("Minimum thetalow cannot be equal or greater than maximum thetaup")
}
#Create sequence from thetalow to thetaup
.theta <- seq(thetalow, thetaup, length.out = ceiling(mpoints))
#Create data frame for saving values of theta
.dat <- matrix(NA, nrow = mpoints, ncol = 4)
colnames(.dat) <- c("Theta","Lower_CI", "Point_Estimate","Upper_CI")
#Loop through values of theta for plot
for (i in 1:mpoints){
#Save theta value
.dat[i,"Theta"] <- .theta[i]
#Calculate PIF
.dat[i,c("Lower_CI", "Point_Estimate","Upper_CI")] <-
pif.confidence(X = X, thetahat = .theta[i], thetavar = 0, rr = rr,
cft = cft, weights = weights,
method = method, Xvar = Xvar,
deriv.method.args = deriv.method.args,
deriv.method = deriv.method,
confidence = confidence,
confidence_method = confidence_method,
nsim = nsim,
adjust = adjust, n = n, ktype = ktype,
bw = bw, check_exposure = check_exposure, check_rr = check_rr,
check_cft = check_cft, check_xvar = check_xvar,
check_integrals = check_integrals, check_thetas = check_thetas,
is_paf = is_paf)[1:3]
}
#Create plot
.thetaplot <- ggplot(as.data.frame(.dat), aes(x = .dat[,"Theta"])) +
geom_errorbar(aes(ymin = .dat[,"Lower_CI"], ymax = .dat[,"Upper_CI"],
color = "Pointwise Confidence")) +
geom_point(aes(y = .dat[,"Point_Estimate"], color = "Point Estimate")) +
xlab(xlab) + theme_bw() + ylab(ylab) +
ggtitle(title) +
scale_color_manual(name = "",
values = c( "Point Estimate" = colors[1],
"Pointwise Confidence" = colors[2]))
return(.thetaplot)
}
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