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#' @title Plot polynomials for (generalized) linear regression
#' @name sjp.poly
#'
#' @description This function plots a scatter plot of a term \code{poly.term}
#' against a response variable \code{x} and adds - depending on
#' the amount of numeric values in \code{poly.degree} - multiple
#' polynomial curves. A loess-smoothed line can be added to see
#' which of the polynomial curves fits best to the data.
#'
#' @param x A vector, representing the response variable of a linear (mixed) model; or
#' a linear (mixed) model as returned by \code{\link{lm}} or \code{\link[lme4]{lmer}}.
#' @param poly.term If \code{x} is a vector, \code{poly.term} should also be a vector, representing
#' the polynomial term (independent variabl) in the model; if \code{x} is a
#' fitted model, \code{poly.term} should be the polynomial term's name as character string.
#' See 'Examples'.
#' @param poly.degree Numeric, or numeric vector, indicating the degree of the polynomial.
#' If \code{poly.degree} is a numeric vector, multiple polynomial curves for
#' each degree are plotted. See 'Examples'.
#' @param poly.scale Logical, if \code{TRUE}, \code{poly.term} will be scaled before
#' linear regression is computed. Default is \code{FALSE}. Scaling the polynomial
#' term may have an impact on the resulting p-values.
#' @param fun Linear function when modelling polynomial terms. Use \code{fun = "lm"}
#' for linear models, or \code{fun = "glm"} for generalized linear models.
#' When \code{x} is not a vector, but a fitted model object, the function
#' is detected automatically. If \code{x} is a vector, \code{fun} defaults
#' to \code{"lm"}.
#' @param show.loess Logical, if \code{TRUE}, an additional loess-smoothed line is plotted.
#' @param show.loess.ci Logical, if \code{TRUE}, a confidence region for the loess-smoothed line
#' will be plotted.
#' @param show.p Logical, if \code{TRUE} (default), p-values for polynomial terms are
#' printed to the console.
#' @param loess.color Color of the loess-smoothed line. Only applies, if \code{show.loess = TRUE}.
#' @param show.scatter Logical, if TRUE (default), adds a scatter plot of data
#' points to the plot.
#' @param point.alpha Alpha value of point-geoms in the scatter plots. Only
#' applies, if \code{show.scatter = TRUE}.
#' @param point.color Color of of point-geoms in the scatter plots. Only applies,
#' if \code{show.scatter = TRUE.}
#'
#' @return A ggplot-object.
#'
#'
#' @inheritParams plot_model
#' @inheritParams plot_scatter
#' @inheritParams plot_grpfrq
#'
#' @details For each polynomial degree, a simple linear regression on \code{x} (resp.
#' the extracted response, if \code{x} is a fitted model) is performed,
#' where only the polynomial term \code{poly.term} is included as independent variable.
#' Thus, \code{lm(y ~ x + I(x^2) + ... + I(x^i))} is repeatedly computed
#' for all values in \code{poly.degree}, and the predicted values of
#' the reponse are plotted against the raw values of \code{poly.term}.
#' If \code{x} is a fitted model, other covariates are ignored when
#' finding the best fitting polynomial. \cr \cr
#' This function evaluates raw polynomials, \emph{not orthogonal} polynomials.
#' Polynomials are computed using the \code{\link{poly}} function,
#' with argument \code{raw = TRUE}. \cr \cr
#' To find out which polynomial degree fits best to the data, a loess-smoothed
#' line (in dark grey) can be added (with \code{show.loess = TRUE}). The polynomial curves
#' that comes closest to the loess-smoothed line should be the best
#' fit to the data.
#'
#' @examples
#' library(sjmisc)
#' data(efc)
#' # linear fit. loess-smoothed line indicates a more
#' # or less cubic curve
#' sjp.poly(efc$c160age, efc$quol_5, 1)
#'
#' # quadratic fit
#' sjp.poly(efc$c160age, efc$quol_5, 2)
#'
#' # linear to cubic fit
#' sjp.poly(efc$c160age, efc$quol_5, 1:4, show.scatter = FALSE)
#'
#'
#' # fit sample model
#' fit <- lm(tot_sc_e ~ c12hour + e17age + e42dep, data = efc)
#' # inspect relationship between predictors and response
#' plot_model(fit, type = "slope")
#' # "e17age" does not seem to be linear correlated to response
#' # try to find appropiate polynomial. Grey line (loess smoothed)
#' # indicates best fit. Looks like x^4 has the best fit,
#' # however, only x^3 has significant p-values.
#' sjp.poly(fit, "e17age", 2:4, show.scatter = FALSE)
#'
#' \dontrun{
#' # fit new model
#' fit <- lm(tot_sc_e ~ c12hour + e42dep + e17age + I(e17age^2) + I(e17age^3),
#' data = efc)
#' # plot marginal effects of polynomial term
#' plot_model(fit, type = "pred", terms = "e17age")}
#'
#' @import ggplot2
#' @importFrom scales grey_pal brewer_pal
#' @importFrom stats lm glm binomial predict poly
#' @importFrom graphics plot
#' @export
sjp.poly <- function(x,
poly.term,
poly.degree,
poly.scale = FALSE,
fun = NULL,
axis.title = NULL,
geom.colors = NULL,
geom.size = .8,
show.loess = TRUE,
show.loess.ci = TRUE,
show.p = TRUE,
show.scatter = TRUE,
point.alpha = .2,
point.color = "#404040",
loess.color = "#808080") {
# --------------------------------------------
# check color parameter
# --------------------------------------------
geom.colors <- col_check2(geom.colors, length(poly.degree))
# --------------------------------------------
# check poly.term parameter
# --------------------------------------------
if (is.character(poly.term))
defv <- poly.term
else
defv <- get_var_name(deparse(substitute(poly.term)))
# --------------------------------------------
# parameter check: fitted model or variables?
# --------------------------------------------
if (!is.vector(x) && !is.numeric(x) && !is.factor(x)) {
mf <- insight::get_data(x, verbose = FALSE)
# retrieve response vector
resp <- insight::get_response(x)
# retrieve polynomial term
poly.term <- mf[[poly.term]]
} else {
resp <- x
}
# --------------------------------------------
# check for glm or lm
# --------------------------------------------
if (is.null(fun)) {
if (inherits(x, c("glmerMod", "glm"))) {
fun <- "glm"
} else {
fun <- "lm"
}
}
# --------------------------------------------
# retrieve labels
# --------------------------------------------
if (is.null(axis.title)) axis.title <- sjlabelled::get_label(poly.term, def.value = defv)
axisTitle.y <- sjlabelled::get_label(resp, def.value = "Response")
# --------------------------------------------
# init data frame
# --------------------------------------------
plot.df <- data.frame()
# scale polynomial term?
if (poly.scale) poly.term <- scale(poly.term)
# --------------------------------------------
# get cutpoints for loess curve
# --------------------------------------------
# cutpoints <- get_loess_cutpoints(stats::na.omit(data.frame(x = poly.term, y = resp)))
# --------------------------------------------
# if user wants to plot multiple curves for
# polynomials, create data frame for each curve here
# --------------------------------------------
for (i in poly.degree) {
# poly-function can't cope with missings, so remove them here
mydat <- stats::na.omit(data.frame(x = poly.term, y = resp))
# fit model with polynomials
if (fun == "lm")
fit <- stats::lm(mydat$y ~ stats::poly(mydat$x, i, raw = TRUE))
else
fit <- stats::glm(mydat$y ~ stats::poly(mydat$x, i, raw = TRUE), family = stats::family(x))
# check whether we have an integer poly.degree
# or a float value
poly.digit <- ifelse(i %% 1 == 0, 0, 1)
# create data frame with raw data and the fitted poly-curve
plot.df <- rbind(plot.df, cbind(mydat,
stats::predict(fit),
sprintf("x^%.*f", poly.digit, i)))
# print p-values?
if (show.p) {
# get p-values
pvals <- summary(fit)$coefficients[-1, 4]
# prepare output string
p.out <- sprintf("Polynomial degrees: %.*f\n---------------------\n", poly.digit, i)
# iterate polynomial terms and print p-value for each polynom
for (j in seq_len(i)) p.out <- paste0(p.out, sprintf("p(x^%i): %.3f\n", j, unname(pvals[j])))
# add separator line after each model
p.out <- paste0(p.out, "\n")
# print p-values for fitted model
cat(p.out)
}
}
# name df
colnames(plot.df) <- c("x","y", "pred", "grp")
# create plot
polyplot <- ggplot(plot.df, aes_string(x = "x", y = "y", colour = "grp"))
# show scatter plot as well?
if (show.scatter) polyplot <- polyplot +
geom_jitter(colour = point.color, alpha = point.alpha, shape = 16)
# show loess curve? this curve indicates the "perfect" curve through
# the data
if (show.loess) polyplot <- polyplot + stat_smooth(method = "loess",
color = loess.color,
se = show.loess.ci,
size = geom.size)
# add curves for polynomials
polyplot <- polyplot +
geom_line(aes_string(y = "pred"), linewidth = geom.size) +
scale_color_manual(values = geom.colors, labels = lapply(poly.degree, function(j) bquote(x^.(j)))) +
labs(x = axis.title, y = axisTitle.y, colour = "Polynomial\ndegrees")
polyplot
}
#' @importFrom stats loess predict
get_loess_cutpoints <- function(mydat) {
# sort data frame by x-values
mydat <- mydat[order(mydat$x), ]
# fit loess
fit <- stats::loess(y ~ x, mydat)
# get predicted values
preds <- unique(stats::predict(fit))
xuni <- unique(mydat$x)
# define counter
cnt <- 1
cutpoints <- c()
xvals <- c()
# initial direction for finding first cutpoint?
direction <- ifelse(preds[cnt + 1] > preds[cnt], "up", "down")
# "follow" path of loess line until cutpoint
# then save value and change direction
while (cnt < length(preds)) {
if (direction == "up") {
if (preds[cnt + 1] < preds[cnt]) {
direction <- "down"
cutpoints <- c(cutpoints, preds[cnt])
xvals <- c(xvals, xuni[cnt])
}
} else {
if (preds[cnt + 1] > preds[cnt]) {
direction <- "up"
cutpoints <- c(cutpoints, preds[cnt])
xvals <- c(xvals, xuni[cnt])
}
}
cnt <- cnt + 1
}
data.frame(cutpoint.x = xvals, cutpoint.y = cutpoints)
}
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