soundgen: Generate a sound

In soundgen: Sound Synthesis and Acoustic Analysis

Generate a sound

Description

Generates a bout of one or more syllables with pauses between them. Two basic components are synthesized: the harmonic component (the sum of sine waves with frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental frequency) and the noise component. Both components can be filtered with independently specified formants. Intonation and amplitude contours can be applied both within each syllable and across multiple syllables. Suggested application: synthesis of animal or human non-linguistic vocalizations. For more information, see http://cogsci.se/soundgen.html and vignette('sound_generation', package = 'soundgen').

Usage

soundgen(
  repeatBout = 1,
  nSyl = 1,
  sylLen = 300,
  pauseLen = 200,
  pitch = list(time = c(0, 0.1, 0.9, 1), value = c(100, 150, 135, 100)),
  pitchGlobal = NA,
  glottis = 0,
  temperature = 0.025,
  tempEffects = list(),
  maleFemale = 0,
  creakyBreathy = 0,
  nonlinBalance = 100,
  nonlinRandomWalk = NULL,
  subRatio = 2,
  subFreq = 0,
  subDep = 0,
  subWidth = 10000,
  shortestEpoch = 300,
  jitterLen = 1,
  jitterDep = 0,
  vibratoFreq = 5,
  vibratoDep = 0,
  shimmerDep = 0,
  shimmerLen = 1,
  attackLen = 50,
  rolloff = -9,
  rolloffOct = 0,
  rolloffKHz = -3,
  rolloffParab = 0,
  rolloffParabHarm = 3,
  rolloffExact = NULL,
  lipRad = 6,
  noseRad = 4,
  mouthOpenThres = 0,
  formants = c(860, 1430, 2900),
  formantDep = 1,
  formantDepStoch = 1,
  formantWidth = 1,
  formantCeiling = 2,
  formantLocking = 0,
  vocalTract = NA,
  amDep = 0,
  amFreq = 30,
  amType = c("logistic", "sine")[1],
  amShape = 0,
  noise = NULL,
  formantsNoise = NA,
  rolloffNoise = -4,
  noiseFlatSpec = 1200,
  rolloffNoiseExp = 0,
  noiseAmpRef = c("f0", "source", "filtered")[3],
  mouth = list(time = c(0, 1), value = c(0.5, 0.5)),
  ampl = NA,
  amplGlobal = NA,
  smoothing = list(interpol = c("approx", "spline", "loess")[3], loessSpan = NULL,
    discontThres = 0.05, jumpThres = 0.01),
  samplingRate = 16000,
  windowLength = 50,
  overlap = 75,
  addSilence = 100,
  pitchFloor = 1,
  pitchCeiling = 3500,
  pitchSamplingRate = 16000,
  dynamicRange = 80,
  invalidArgAction = c("adjust", "abort", "ignore")[1],
  plot = FALSE,
  play = FALSE,
  saveAudio = NA,
  ...
)

Arguments

repeatBout	number of times the whole bout should be repeated
nSyl	number of syllables in the bout. 'pitchGlobal', 'amplGlobal', and 'formants' span multiple syllables, but not multiple bouts
sylLen	average duration of each syllable, ms (vectorized)
pauseLen	average duration of pauses between syllables, ms (can be negative between bouts: force with invalidArgAction = 'ignore') (vectorized)
pitch	a numeric vector of f0 values in Hz or a dataframe specifying the time (ms or 0 to 1) and value (Hz) of each anchor, hereafter "anchor format". These anchors are used to create a smooth contour of fundamental frequency f0 (pitch) within one syllable
pitchGlobal	unlike pitch, these anchors are used to create a smooth contour of average f0 across multiple syllables. The values are in semitones relative to the existing pitch, i.e. 0 = no change (anchor format)
glottis	anchors for specifying the proportion of a glottal cycle with closed glottis, % (0 = no modification, 100 = closed phase as long as open phase); numeric vector or dataframe specifying time and value (anchor format)
temperature	hyperparameter for regulating the amount of stochasticity in sound generation
tempEffects	a list of scaling coefficients regulating the effect of temperature on particular parameters. To change, specify just those pars that you want to modify (1 = default, 0 = no stochastic behavior). amplDep, pitchDep, noiseDep: random fluctuations of user-specified amplitude / pitch / noise anchors; amplDriftDep: drift of amplitude mirroring pitch drift; formDisp: dispersion of stochastic formants; formDrift: formant frequencies; glottisDep: proportion of glottal cycle with closed glottis; pitchDriftDep: amount of slow random drift of f0; pitchDriftFreq: frequency of slow random drift of f0; rolloffDriftDep: drift of rolloff mirroring pitch drift; specDep: rolloff, rolloffNoise, nonlinear effects, attack; subDriftDep: drift of subharmonic frequency and bandwidth mirroring pitch drift; sylLenDep: duration of syllables and pauses
maleFemale	hyperparameter for shifting f0 contour, formants, and vocalTract to make the speaker appear more male (-1...0) or more female (0...+1); 0 = no change
creakyBreathy	hyperparameter for a rough adjustment of voice quality from creaky (-1) to breathy (+1); 0 = no change
nonlinBalance	hyperparameter for regulating the (approximate) proportion of sound with different regimes of pitch effects (none / subharmonics only / subharmonics and jitter). 0% = no noise; 100% = the entire sound has jitter + subharmonics. Ignored if temperature = 0
nonlinRandomWalk	a numeric vector specifying the timing of nonliner regimes: 0 = none, 1 = subharmonics, 2 = subharmonics + jitter + shimmer
subRatio	a positive integer giving the ratio of f0 (the main fundamental) to g0 (a lower frequency): 1 = no subharmonics, 2 = period doubling regardless of pitch changes, 3 = period tripling, etc; subRatio overrides subFreq (anchor format)
subFreq	instead of a specific number of subharmonics (subRatio), we can specify the approximate g0 frequency (Hz), which is used only if subRatio = 1 and is adjusted to f0 so f0/g0 is always an integer (anchor format)
subDep	the depth of subharmonics relative to the main frequency component (f0), %. 0: no subharmonics; 100: g0 harmonics are as strong as the nearest f0 harmonic (anchor format)
subWidth	Width of subharmonic sidebands - regulates how rapidly g-harmonics weaken away from f-harmonics: large values like the default 10000 means that all g0 harmonics are equally strong (anchor format)
shortestEpoch	minimum duration of each epoch with unchanging subharmonics regime or formant locking, in ms
jitterLen	duration of stable periods between pitch jumps, ms. Use a low value for harsh noise, a high value for irregular vibrato or shaky voice (anchor format)
jitterDep	cycle-to-cycle random pitch variation, semitones (anchor format)
vibratoFreq	the rate of regular pitch modulation, or vibrato, Hz (anchor format)
vibratoDep	the depth of vibrato, semitones (anchor format)
shimmerDep	random variation in amplitude between individual glottal cycles (0 to 100% of original amplitude of each cycle) (anchor format)
shimmerLen	duration of stable periods between amplitude jumps, ms. Use a low value for harsh noise, a high value for shaky voice (anchor format)
attackLen	duration of fade-in / fade-out at each end of syllables and noise (ms): a vector of length 1 (symmetric) or 2 (separately for fade-in and fade-out)
rolloff	basic rolloff from lower to upper harmonics, db/octave (exponential decay). All rolloff parameters are in anchor format. See getRolloff for more details
rolloffOct	basic rolloff changes from lower to upper harmonics (regardless of f0) by rolloffOct dB/oct. For example, we can get steeper rolloff in the upper part of the spectrum
rolloffKHz	rolloff changes linearly with f0 by rolloffKHz dB/kHz. For ex., -6 dB/kHz gives a 6 dB steeper basic rolloff as f0 goes up by 1000 Hz
rolloffParab	an optional quadratic term affecting only the first rolloffParabHarm harmonics. The middle harmonic of the first rolloffParabHarm harmonics is amplified or dampened by rolloffParab dB relative to the basic exponential decay
rolloffParabHarm	the number of harmonics affected by rolloffParab
rolloffExact	user-specified exact strength of harmonics: a vector or matrix with one row per harmonic, scale 0 to 1 (overrides all other rolloff parameters)
lipRad	the effect of lip radiation on source spectrum, dB/oct (the default of +6 dB/oct produces a high-frequency boost when the mouth is open)
noseRad	the effect of radiation through the nose on source spectrum, dB/oct (the alternative to lipRad when the mouth is closed)
mouthOpenThres	open the lips (switch from nose radiation to lip radiation) when the mouth is open >mouthOpenThres, 0 to 1
formants	either a character string like "aaui" referring to default presets for speaker "M1" or a list of formant times, frequencies, amplitudes, and bandwidths (see ex. below). formants = NA defaults to schwa. Time stamps for formants and mouthOpening can be specified in ms or an any other arbitrary scale. See getSpectralEnvelope for more details
formantDep	scale factor of formant amplitude (1 = no change relative to amplitudes in formants)
formantDepStoch	the amplitude of additional stochastic formants added above the highest specified formant, dB (only if temperature > 0)
formantWidth	scale factor of formant bandwidth (1 = no change)
formantCeiling	frequency to which stochastic formants are calculated, in multiples of the Nyquist frequency; increase up to ~10 for long vocal tracts to avoid losing energy in the upper part of the spectrum
formantLocking	the approximate proportion of sound in which one of the harmonics is locked to the nearest formant, 0 = none, 1 = the entire sound (anchor format)
vocalTract	the length of vocal tract, cm. Used for calculating formant dispersion (for adding extra formants) and formant transitions as the mouth opens and closes. If NULL or NA, the length is estimated based on specified formant frequencies, if any (anchor format)
amDep	amplitude modulation (AM) depth, %. 0: no change; 100: AM with amplitude range equal to the dynamic range of the sound (anchor format)
amFreq	AM frequency, Hz (anchor format)
amType	"sine" = sinusoidal, "logistic" = logistic (default)
amShape	ignore if amType = "sine", otherwise determines the shape of non-sinusoidal AM: 0 = ~sine, -1 = notches, +1 = clicks (anchor format)
noise	loudness of turbulent noise (0 dB = as loud as voiced component, negative values = quieter) such as aspiration, hissing, etc (anchor format)
formantsNoise	the same as formants, but for unvoiced instead of voiced component. If NA (default), the unvoiced component will be filtered through the same formants as the voiced component, approximating aspiration noise [h]
rolloffNoise, noiseFlatSpec	linear rolloff of the excitation source for the unvoiced component, rolloffNoise dB/kHz (anchor format) applied above noiseFlatSpec Hz
rolloffNoiseExp	exponential rolloff of the excitation source for the unvoiced component, dB/oct (anchor format) applied above 0 Hz
noiseAmpRef	noise amplitude is defined relative to: "f0" = the amplitude of the first partial (fundamental frequency), "source" = the amplitude of the harmonic component prior to applying formants, "filtered" = the amplitude of the harmonic component after applying formants
mouth	mouth opening (0 to 1, 0.5 = neutral, i.e. no modification) (anchor format)
ampl	amplitude envelope (dB, 0 = max amplitude) (anchor format)
amplGlobal	global amplitude envelope spanning multiple syllables (dB, 0 = no change) (anchor format)
smoothing	a list of parameters passed to getSmoothContour to control the interpolation and smoothing of contours: interpol (approx / spline / loess), loessSpan, discontThres, jumpThres
samplingRate	sampling frequency, Hz
windowLength	length of FFT window, ms
overlap	FFT window overlap, %. For allowed values, see istft
addSilence	silence before and after the bout, ms: a vector of length 1 (symmetric) or 2 (different duration of silence before/after the sound)
pitchFloor, pitchCeiling	lower & upper bounds of f0
pitchSamplingRate	sampling frequency of the pitch contour only, Hz. Low values reduce processing time. Set to pitchCeiling for optimal speed or to samplingRate for optimal quality
dynamicRange	dynamic range, dB. Harmonics and noise more than dynamicRange under maximum amplitude are discarded to save computational resources
invalidArgAction	what to do if an argument is invalid or outside the range in permittedValues: 'adjust' = reset to default value, 'abort' = stop execution, 'ignore' = throw a warning and continue (may crash)
plot	if TRUE, plots a spectrogram
play	if TRUE, plays the synthesized sound using the default player on your system. If character, passed to play as the name of player to use, eg "aplay", "play", "vlc", etc. In case of errors, try setting another default player for play
saveAudio	path + filename for saving the output, e.g. '~/Downloads/temp.wav'. If NULL = doesn't save
...	other plotting parameters passed to spectrogram

Value

Returns the synthesized waveform as a numeric vector.

See Also

generateNoise beat fart

Examples

# NB: GUI for soundgen is available as a Shiny app.
# Type "soundgen_app()" to open it in default browser

# Set "playback" to TRUE for default system player or the name of preferred
# player (eg "aplay") to play back the audio from examples
playback = FALSE # or TRUE 'aplay', 'vlc', ...

sound = soundgen(play = playback)
# spectrogram(sound, 16000, osc = TRUE)
# playme(sound)

# Control of intonation, amplitude envelope, formants
s0 = soundgen(
  pitch = c(300, 390, 250),
  ampl = data.frame(time = c(0, 50, 300), value = c(-5, -10, 0)),
  attack = c(10, 50),
  formants = c(600, 900, 2200),
  play = playback
)

# Use the in-built collection of presets:
# names(presets)  # speakers
# names(presets$Chimpanzee)  # calls per speaker
s1 = eval(parse(text = presets$Chimpanzee$Scream_conflict))  # screaming chimp
# playme(s1)
s2 = eval(parse(text = presets$F1$Scream))  # screaming woman
# playme(s2, 18320)
## Not run: 
# unless temperature is 0, the sound is different every time
for (i in 1:3) sound = soundgen(play = playback, temperature = .2)

# Bouts versus syllables. Compare:
sound = soundgen(formants = 'uai', repeatBout = 3, play = playback)
sound = soundgen(formants = 'uai', nSyl = 3, play = playback)

# Intonation contours per syllable and globally:
sound = soundgen(nSyl = 5, sylLen = 200, pauseLen = 140,
  pitch = list(
    time = c(0, 0.65, 1),
    value = c(977, 1540, 826)),
  pitchGlobal = list(time = c(0, .5, 1), value = c(-6, 7, 0)),
  play = playback, plot = TRUE)

# Subharmonics / sidebands (noisy scream)
sound = soundgen(subFreq = 75, subDep = runif(10, 0, 60), subWidth = 130,
  pitch = list(
    time = c(0, .3, .9, 1), value = c(1200, 1547, 1487, 1154)),
  sylLen = 800,
  play = playback, plot = TRUE)

# Jitter and mouth opening (bark, dog-like)
sound = soundgen(repeatBout = 2, sylLen = 160, pauseLen = 100,
  subFreq = 100, subDep = 100, subWidth = 60, jitterDep = 1,
  pitch = c(559, 785, 557),
  mouth = c(0, 0.5, 0),
  vocalTract = 5, formants = NULL,
  play = playback, plot = TRUE)

# Ultrasound - need to adjust some defaults:
 soundgen(
   sylLen = 10,  # just 10 ms
   attackLen = 1,  # should be very short for short vocalizations
   addSilence = 2,
   pitch = c(45000, 35000, 65000, 60000),  # 35-60 kHz
   rolloff = -12,
   rolloffKHz = 0,  # NB: the default is -3 dB/kHz, which we do NOT want here!
   formants = NA,  # no formants (or set vocal tract length)
   samplingRate = 350000,  # at least ~10 times the max f0
   pitchSamplingRate = 350000,  # the same as samplingRate
   windowLength = .25,  # need very short window lengths for USV
   pitchCeiling = 90000, # max allowed pitch
   invalidArgAction = 'ignore', # override the ranges allowed by default
   temperature = 1e-4,
   plot = TRUE
 )

# See the vignette on sound generation for more examples and in-depth
# explanation of the arguments to soundgen()
# Examples of code for creating human and animal vocalizations are available
# on project's homepage: http://cogsci.se/soundgen.html

## End(Not run)

soundgen documentation built on Sept. 12, 2024, 6:29 a.m.