In compbiomed/MetaScope: Tools and functions for preprocessing 16S and metagenomic sequencing microbiome data

This is a condensed tutorial for the MetaScope package. We will walk through the individual steps to perform an analysis. A thorough explanation of the MetaScope package is available in the MetaScope Vignette.

Overview

The following diagram reveals the general module workflow of the MetaScope package.

The core modules are as follows: 1. MetaDemultiplex: Obtain non-barcoded sequencing reads 2. MetaRef: Obtain target and filter genome sequences from NCBI nucleotide database and index using a given aligner 3. MetaAlign: Align sequencing reads to indexed target genome sequences 4. MetaFilter: Remove reads mapped to indexed host genome sequences 5. MetaID: Reassign ambiguously mapped reads to probable source genome 6. MetaBLAST: BLAST assigned reads against the NCBI nucleotide database to check identity 7. MetaCombine: Aggregate samples into a MultiAssayExperiment compatible with the animalcules R package.

There are two sub-workflows that are included in the package, as seen in Figure 1: the Rbowtie2 and the Rsubread workflow. The major difference is that the functions in the MetaRef, MetaAlign, and MetaFilter modules differ by the aligner utilized.

Installation

In order to install MetaScope from GitHub, run the following code:

```{R, eval = FALSE} if (!requireNamespace("devtools", quietly = TRUE)) install.packages("devtools") devtools::install_github("wejlab/MetaScope")

```{R, eval = FALSE}
suppressPackageStartupMessages({
  library(MetaScope)
  library(dplyr)
})

Entrez key

We highly recommend grabbing an Entrez key using the function taxize::use_entrez(). Then set your key as a global environment variable like so:

```{R eval = FALSE} NCBI_key <- "" options("ENTREZ_KEY" = NCBI_key)

# MetaDemultiplex (optional)

This is an optional step in the analysis process depending on whether your reads are multiplexed. The reads which we are currently trying to analyze are not multiplexed and therefore this step is skipped in our analysis. The example shown below is using different reads that are barcoded in order to show the utility of the function.

## Running `meta_demultiplex`

You will need the following files:
1. **barcodeFile**: Path to a file containing a .tsv matrix with a header row, and then sample names (column 1) and barcodes (column 2). (`barcodePath`)
2. **indexFile**: Path to a .fastq file that contains the barcodes for each read. The headers should be the same (and in the same order) as readFile, and the sequence in the indexFile should be the corresponding barcode for each read. Quality scores are not considered. (`indexPath`)
3. **readFile**: Path to the sequencing read .fastq file that corresponds to the indexFile.

Additional parameters can be examined by accessing the `meta_demultiplex` documentation with `?meta_demultiplex`.

```{R, eval = FALSE, message = FALSE}
# Get barcode, index, and read data locations
barcodePath <-
  system.file("extdata", "barcodes.txt", package = "MetaScope")

indexPath <- system.file("extdata", "virus_example_index.fastq",
                         package = "MetaScope")
readPath <-
  system.file("extdata", "virus_example.fastq", package = "MetaScope")

# Get barcode, index, and read data locations
demult <-
  meta_demultiplex(barcodePath,
                   indexPath,
                   readPath,
                   rcBarcodes = FALSE,
                   hammingDist = 2,
                   location = tempfile())
demult

Output

The meta_demultiplex function will returns multiple .fastq files that contain all reads whose index matches the barcodes given. These files will be written to the location directory, and will be named based on the given sampleNames and barcodes, e.g. './demultiplex_fastq/SampleName1_GGAATTATCGGT.fastq.gz'

MetaRef: Reference Genome Library

Downloading NCBI nucleotide genomes

Most users will need to download a library of reference genomes if they are not using their own library. This can be completed using the download_refseq function. The following code chunks are not run as they are quite large. This step is best completed by running a background computing job as it may take some time.

Reference versus Representive genomes

The download_refseq function allows users to download reference genomes from NCBI’s Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database and the larger nucleotide database if desired. Reference genomes are defined by the NCBI as high-quality, well-annotated genome sequence that serves as a representative example for a particular species or organism.

A complete rundown of the differentiation between these categories is described on the NCBI website: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/about/prokaryotes/

16S Analyses

For a 16S amplicon sequencing microbiome analysis, you will only need bacterial genomes. You can download all bacterial genomes from the NCBI RefSeq database like so:

```{R, eval = FALSE}

For RefSeq data, set reference = TRUE and representative = FALSE

download_refseq('bacteria', reference = TRUE, representative = FALSE, out_dir = NULL, compress = TRUE, patho_out = FALSE, caching = TRUE)

If the RefSeq assortment is too limited, set representative = TRUE

download_refseq('bacteria', reference = TRUE, representative = FALSE, out_dir = NULL, compress = TRUE, patho_out = FALSE, caching = TRUE)

### Metagenomics / Whole Genome Sequencing

#### Target genomes

If you are performing a metagenomics analysis, you will likely want to analyze fungi, bacteria, and viruses. The example below is assuming that only reference genomes will be downloaded

```{R, eval = FALSE}

for (taxa in c('bacteria', 'viruses', 'fungi')) {
  download_refseq(taxa, reference = TRUE, representative = FALSE,
                out_dir = NULL, compress = TRUE, patho_out = FALSE,
                caching = TRUE)
}

Host genomes

Given our 'target' genomes of interest in a metagenomics analysis we likely want to filter out any reads belonging to the host on which the sample was taken. So, in the instance that your host is human, you can download the reference genome using:

```{R, eval = FALSE} download_refseq("Homo sapiens", reference = TRUE, representative = FALSE, out_dir = NULL, compress = TRUE, patho_out = FALSE, caching = TRUE)

### Handpicked Reference Libraries

If you want to only use specific genomes in your libraries, you should first check the included taxonomy table to check that your organisms of interest are accessible. The taxonomy table object is stored as `MetaScope:::taxonomy_table`. To search for your organisms of interest, you can use any standard technique that you would utilize to search for a table entry. For example, you can use`View(MetaScope:::taxonomy_table)` and filter the table in RStudio, or some other means of filtering the data.

The taxonomy table has the following structure:
```{R, eval = FALSE}
head(MetaScope:::taxonomy_table)

If I wanted to use only Staphylococcus bacterial genomes in this table then I could filter the taxonomy table like so:

```{R, eval = FALSE} all_staph_strains <- MetaScope:::taxonomy_table |> dplyr::filter(genus == "Staphylococcus") |> dplyr::pull(strain)

Download representative genomes

sapply(all_staph_strains, function(strain) download_refseq(strain, reference = TRUE, representative = TRUE, out_dir = NULL, compress = TRUE, patho_out = FALSE, caching = TRUE))

## Providing Your Own Reference Library

Databases outside of the NCBI nucleotide database are acceptable inputs as long as they are presented in .fasta format; the SILVA database is one such example. Please see the MetaScope tutorial, [Using the SILVA 16S rRNA Database with MetaScope][https://wejlab.github.io/metascope-docs/articles/SILVA.html].

## Creating indices

Given your host and filter genomes, the next step is to create Bowtie- or Subread-compatible indices for the alignment modules.

### Bowtie 2 indices

Be sure to indicate the folder location of your indices (`ref_dir`). The folder where your indices should be output is given to the `lib_dir` parameter. Finally, the library name of your indices (the individual files rather than folder locations) is given to `lib_name`. The number of parallel computing threads is given to `threads`.

```{R, eval = FALSE}
nThreads <- 1

# Example - target genome fungi
mk_bowtie_index(ref_dir = "fungi", lib_dir = "all_indices", 
                lib_name = "fungi", threads = nThreads, overwrite = TRUE)

In the case that there are unresolved errors occurring unrelated to finding files or folders, we recommend troubleshooting by

1) Adding the parameter bowtie2_build_options = "--large-index" 2) Using the commandline Bowtie index creation tool, Bowtie2-build

Subread indices

MetaAlign

We next perform the alignment step. Target genomes from reference libraries will now be aligned to sample reads to create a BAM file.

```{R, eval = FALSE}

If unpaired, see documentation

readPath1 <- "reads1.paired.fastq.gz" readPath2 <- "reads2.paired.fastq.gz"

Change to your target library names

targets <- c("fungi", "bacteria", "viruses")

alignment_directory <- ""

threads <- 8

Usually expTag is a dynamically changing sample name

expTag <- "sampleX"

Location of alignment indices

all_indices <- ""

## Bowtie 2

```{R, eval = FALSE}
data("bt2_params")
# Use 16S params instead if you have 16S data
data("bt2_16S_params")

target_map <- align_target_bowtie(read1 = readPath1,
                                  read2 = readPath2,
                                  # Where are indices stored?
                                  lib_dir = all_indices,
                                  libs =  targets,
                                  align_dir = alignment_directory,
                                  align_file = expTag,
                                  overwrite = TRUE,
                                  threads = threads,
                                  # Use 16S params if you have 16S data
                                  bowtie2_options = bt2_params,
                                  quiet = FALSE)

Subread

```{R, eval = FALSE} data("align_details")

target_map <- align_target(read1 = readPath1, read2 = readPath2, lib_dir = all_indices, libs = targets, threads = threads, lib_dir = target_ref_temp, align_file = file.path(alignment_directory, expTag), subread_options = align_details, quiet = FALSE)

# MetaFilter

We will now filter out host reads using the host reference genome indices.

## 16S Samples

When processing a 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing sample, the MetaFilter step can be skipped entirely. You may proceed to the MetaID module.

## Metagenomics Samples

For either Bowtie 2 or Subread alignments, the primary input file will be the alignment output by the MetaAlign module.

```{R, eval = FALSE}
# Change to your filter library name(s)
filters <- c("homo_sapiens")

threads <- 8

output <- paste(paste0(alignment_directory, expTag), "filtered", sep = ".")

Bowtie 2

```{R, eval = FALSE} data("bt2_params")

target_map is the bam file output by the MetaAlign module

final_map <- filter_host_bowtie(reads_bam = target_map, lib_dir = all_indices, libs = filters, make_bam = FALSE, output = output, threads = threads, bowtie2_options = bt2_params, overwrite = TRUE, quiet = FALSE, bowtie2_options = bt2_params)

### Subread

```{R, eval = FALSE}
data("align_details")

final_map <- filter_host(
  reads_bam = target_map,
  lib_dir = all_indices,
  make_bam = FALSE,
  libs = filters,
  output = output,
  threads = threads,
  subread_options = align_details)

MetaID

The final step is to reassign ambiguously mapped reads to their likely source genome. This step is highly dependent on your reference library used, so please check the documentation or the SILVA tutorial if you used a library other than RefSeq or NCBI nucleotide.

Note that we highly recommend creating your own ENTREZ key, as noted earlier in this tutorial.

Bowtie 2

```{R, eval = FALSE} your_ENTREZ_KEY <- "" outDir <- ""

Sys.setenv(ENTREZ_KEY = your_ENTREZ_KEY)

### 16S Sample
```{R, eval = FALSE}
# NOTE: If 16S sample, use MetaAlign output
input_file <- target_map

metascope_id(input_file, 
             input_type = "bam",
             aligner = "bowtie2",
             NCBI_key = your_ENTREZ_KEY,
             num_species_plot = 15,
             quiet = FALSE,
             out_dir = outDir)

Metagenomics Sample

```{R, eval = FALSE}

NOTE: If Metagenomics sample, use MetaFilter output

input_file <- final_map

metascope_id(input_file, input_type = "csv.gz", aligner = "bowtie2", NCBI_key = your_ENTREZ_KEY, num_species_plot = 15, quiet = FALSE, out_dir = outDir)

## Subread

### 16S Sample
```{R, eval = FALSE}
# NOTE: If 16S sample, use MetaAlign output
input_file <- target_map

metascope_id(input_file, 
             input_type = "bam",
             aligner = "subread",
             NCBI_key = your_ENTREZ_KEY,
             num_species_plot = 15,
             quiet = FALSE,
             out_dir = outDir)

Metagenomics sample

```{R, eval = FALSE}

NOTE: If Metagenomics sample, use MetaFilter output

input_file <- final_map

metascope_id(input_file, input_type = "csv.gz", aligner = "subread", NCBI_key = your_ENTREZ_KEY, num_species_plot = 15, quiet = FALSE, out_dir = outDir)

# MetaCombine

Assuming that you've processed several samples using MetaScope, you can aggregate all of your samples using the MetaCombine module. In this example, we assume our reference library was created with the MetaRef module (NCBI-formatted). This module produces a Multi-Assay Experiment

## Create fake samples

```{R, eval = FALSE}
tempfolder <- tempfile()
dir.create(tempfolder)

# Create three different samples
samp_names <- c("X123", "X456", "X789")
all_files <- file.path(tempfolder,
                       paste0(samp_names, ".csv"))

create_IDcsv <- function (out_file) {
  final_taxids <- c("273036", "418127", "11234")
  final_genomes <- c(
    "Staphylococcus aureus RF122, complete sequence",
    "Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Mu3, complete sequence",
    "Measles virus, complete genome")
  best_hit <- sample(seq(100, 1050), 3)
  proportion <- best_hit/sum(best_hit) |> round(2)
  EMreads <- best_hit + round(runif(3), 1)
  EMprop <- proportion + 0.003
  dplyr::tibble(TaxonomyID = final_taxids,
                Genome = final_genomes,
                read_count = best_hit, Proportion = proportion,
                EMreads = EMreads, EMProportion = EMprop) |>
    dplyr::arrange(dplyr::desc(.data$read_count)) |>
    utils::write.csv(file = out_file, row.names = FALSE)
  message("Done!")
  return(out_file)
}
out_files <- vapply(all_files, create_IDcsv, FUN.VALUE = character(1))

Create annotation data for samples

```{R, eval = FALSE} annot_dat <- file.path(tempfolder, "annot.csv") dplyr::tibble(Sample = samp_names, RSV = c("pos", "neg", "pos"), month = c("March", "July", "Aug"), yrsold = c(0.5, 0.6, 0.2)) |> utils::write.csv(file = annot_dat, row.names = FALSE)

## Convert samples to MAE
```{R, eval = FALSE}
outMAE <- convert_animalcules(meta_counts = out_files,
                              annot_path = annot_dat,
                              which_annot_col = "Sample",
                              end_string = ".metascope_id.csv",
                              qiime_biom_out = FALSE,
                              NCBI_key = NULL)

unlink(tempfolder, recursive = TRUE)

MetaBLAST

An example using the MetaBLAST module is forthcoming.

Session Info

sessionInfo()

compbiomed/MetaScope documentation built on July 23, 2024, 3:31 p.m.