R/writeSGY.R
In emanuelhuber/RGPR: Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data visualisation, processing and
delineation
Defines functions
writeSGY_binary_trace_header
writeSGY_binary_file_header
writeSGY_textual_file_header
.writeSGY
#
# flen <- function(con){
# pos0 <- seek(con)
# seek(con,0,"end")
# pos <- seek(con)
# seek(con,where=pos0,"start")
# return(pos)
# }
#
# library(RGPR)
# x <- frenkeLine00
# x@pos * 1000
#
# THD <- "A reel identification header consisting of 3600 bytes in 2 parts:"
#
# dsn <- "test.sgy"
# dsn <- file(dsn, "wb")
# writeSGY_textual_file_header(dsn, THD)
# writeSGY_binary_file_header(dsn, x)
# writeSGY_binary_trace_header(dsn, x)
#
# flen(dsn)
# close(dsn)
#
# dsn <- "test.sgy"
# x <- readSGY(dsn, ENDIAN = "little")
# y <- readGPR(dsn)
# plot(y)
# plot(y@coord)
# plot(y@pos)
#
# dsn <- file(dsn, "rb")
#
#
# u <- readSGY(dsn, ENDIAN = "little")
# names(u)
#
# u$DTR$trHD[16,]
# u$DTR$trHD[17,]
# u$DTR$trHD[12,]
.writeSGY <- function(x, fPath, endian = "little"){
dsn <- file(fPath, "wb")
x@data[!is.finite(x@data)] <- 0
x@data <- round( (x@data - min(x@data))/(diff(range(x@data))) *
(32767 + 32768) - 32768 )
storage.mode(x@data) <- "integer"
THD <- "Export by RGPR"
writeSGY_textual_file_header(dsn, THD, endian = endian)
writeSGY_binary_file_header(dsn, x, endian = endian)
writeSGY_binary_trace_header(dsn, x, endian = endian)
close(dsn)
}
# A reel identification header consisting of 3600 bytes in 2 parts:
# 1. - 3200 (0xC80) bytes of EBCDIC characters representing 40 80-byte
# "card images"
# .Platform$endian
writeSGY_textual_file_header <- function(dsn, THD , endian = "little"){
u <- charToRaw(THD)
n <- length(u)
if(n > 3200){
u <- u[1:3200]
}else{
u <- c(u , raw(3200 - n))
}
writeBin(u, dsn, size =1, endian = endian, useBytes = FALSE)
# .flen(dsn)
}
#------------------------------ BINARY FILE HEADER ----------------------------#
# 400 (0x190) bytes of binary fixed-point integers, the first 60 bytes
# are assigned, the remaining 340 bytes are unassigned for optional use;
writeSGY_binary_file_header <- function(dsn, x, endian = "little"){
bindata <- data.frame(tag = rep("", 10),
# what = "integer",
size = rep(4, 10),
val = 0L)
# str(bindata)
# # 3201-3204 - Job identification number
bindata[1, ] <- list("JOB_ID", 4, 0L)
# 3205-3208 - Line number
bindata[2, ] <- list("LINE_NUMBER", 4, 0L)
# 3209-3212 - Reel number
bindata[3, ] <- list("REEL_NUMBER", 4, 0L)
# 3213-3214 - Number of data traces per ensemble
bindata[4, ] <- list("NB_DATA_TRACES", 2, 0L)
# 3215-3216 - Number of auxiliary traces per ensemble
bindata[5, ] <- list("NB_AUX_TRACES", 2, 0L)
# 3217-3218 - Sample interval. Microseconds (micro-s) for time data, Hertz (Hz)
# for frequency data, meters (m) or feet (ft) for depth data.
#
splint <- as.integer(round(diff(range(x@depth)))) # keep in nanosecond
bindata[6, ] <- list("TIME_SAMPLING", 2, splint)
# 3219-3220 Sample interval of original field recording. Microseconds (micro-s) for
# time data, Hertz (Hz) for frequency data, meters (m) or
# feet (ft) for depth data.
bindata[7, ] <- list("TIME_SAMPLING_FIELD", 2, 0L)
# 3221-3222 - Number of samples per data trace
bindata[8, ] <- list("NB_SAMPLES", 2, nrow(x))
# 3223-3224 - Number of samples per data trace for original field recording.
bindata[9, ] <- list("NB_SAMPLES_FIELD", 2, 0L)
# 3225-3226 - data sample format code
# 1 = 4-byte IBM floating-point
# 2 = 4-byte, two's complement integer
# 3 = 2-byte, two's complement integer
# 4 = 4-byte fixed-point with gain (obsolete)
# 5 = 4-byte IEEE floating-point
# 6 = 8-byte IEEE floating-point
# 7 = 3-byte two's complement integer
# 8 = 1-byte, two's complement integer
# 9 = 8-byte, two's complement integer
# 10 = 4-byte, unsigned integer
# 11 = 2-byte, unsigned integer
# 12 = 8-byte, unsigned integer
# 15 = 3-byte, unsigned integer
# 16 = 1-byte, unsigned integer
# invisible(seek(con, where = 3224, origin = "start"))
# hd$DATA_FORMAT_CODE <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
bindata[10, ] <- list("DATA_FORMAT_CODE", 2, 3L)
# hd$DATA_FORMAT <- switch(hd$DATA_FORMAT_CODE,
# "1" = "32-bit IBM floating point",
# "2" = "32-bit fixed-point",
# "3" = "16-bit fixed-point",
# "4" = "16-bit fixed-point with gain code",
# "5" = "4-byte IEEE floating-point",
# "6" = "8-byte IEEE floating-point",
# "7" = "3-byte two's complement integer",
# "8" = "1-byte, two's complement integer",
# "9" = "8-byte, two's complement integer",
# "10" = "4-byte, unsigned integer",
# "11" = "2-byte, unsigned integer",
# "12" = "8-byte, unsigned integer",
# "15" = "3-byte, unsigned integer")
# hd$DATA_BYTES <- switch(hd$DATA_FORMAT_CODE,
# "1" = 4,
# "2" = 4,
# "3" = 2,
# "4" = 2,
# "5" = 4,
# "6" = 8,
# "7" = 3,
# "8" = 1,
# "9" = 8,
# "10" = 4,
# "11" = 2,
# "12" = 8,
# "15" = 3,
# "16" = 1)
#
# 3227-3228 - CDP fold expected per CDP ensemble
# hd$ENSEMBLE_FOLD <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
bindata[11, ] <- list("ENSEMBLE_FOLD", 2, 1L)
# 3229-3230 - Trace sorting code (i.e. type of ensemble) :
# -1 = Other (should be explained in a user Extended Textual File Header
# stanza)
# 0 = Unknown
# 1 = As recorded (no sorting)
# 2 = CDP ensemble
# 3 = Single fold continuous profile
# 4 = Horizontally stacked
# 5 = Common source point
# 6 = Common receiver point
# 7 = Common offset point
# 8 = Common mid-point
# 9 = Common conversion point
bindata[12, ] <- list("TRACE_SORTING_CODE", 2, 0L)
# hd$TRACE_SORTING_CODE <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3231-3232 - Vertical sum code:
# 1 = no sum,
# 2 = two sum,
# ...,
# N = M-1 sum (M = 2 to 32,767)
bindata[13, ] <- list("VERTICAL_SUM_CODE", 2, 0L)
# hd$VERTICAL_SUM_CODE <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# hd$VERTICAL_SUM <- switch(hd$VERTICAL_SUM_CODE ,
# "1" = "meter",
# "2" = "feet")
# 3233-3234 - Sweep frequency at start (Hz).
bindata[14, ] <- list("SWEEP_FREQ_START", 2, 0L)
# hd$SWEEP_FREQ_START <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3235-3236 - Sweep frequency at end (Hz).
bindata[15, ] <- list("SWEEP_FREQ_END", 2, 0L)
# hd$SWEEP_FREQ_END <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3237-3238 Sweep length (ms).
bindata[16, ] <- list("SWEEP_LENGTH", 2, 0L)
# hd$SWEEP_LENGTH <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3239–3240
# Sweep type code:
# 1 = linear
# 2 = parabolic
# 3 = exponential
# 4 = other
bindata[17, ] <- list("SWEEP_TYPE_CODE", 2, 0L)
# 3241-3242 > Trace number of sweep channel.
bindata[18, ] <- list("TRACE_NB_SWEEP_CHANNEL", 2, 0L)
# 3243–3244 > Sweep trace taper length in milliseconds at start
bindata[19, ] <- list("SWEEP_TRACE_TAPER_START", 2, 0L)
# 3245–3246 > Sweep trace taper length in milliseconds at end
bindata[20, ] <- list("SWEEP_TRACE_TAPER_END", 2, 0L)
# 3247–3248 > Taper type:
# 1 = linear
# 2 = cosine squared
# 3 = other
bindata[21, ] <- list("TAPER_TYPE", 2, 0L)
# 3249–3250 Correlated data traces:
# 1 = no
# 2 = yes
bindata[22, ] <- list("CORRELATED_DATA_TRACES", 2, 0L)
# 3251–3252 Binary gain recovered:
# 1 = yes
# 2 = no
bindata[23, ] <- list("BINARY_GAIN_RECOVERED", 2, 0L)
# 3253–3254 Amplitude recovery method:
# 1 = none
# 2 = spherical divergence
# 3 = AGC
# 4 = other
bindata[24, ] <- list("AMPLITUDE_RECOVERY_METHOD", 2, 0L)
# 3255–3256 Measurement system:
# 1 = Meters
# 2 = Feet
bindata[25, ] <- list("MEASUREMENT_SYSTEM", 2, 0L)
# 3257–3258 Impulse signal polarity
# 1 = Increase in pressure or upward geophone case movement gives negative
# number on trace.
# 2 = Increase in pressure or upward geophone case movement gives positive
# number on trace.
bindata[26, ] <- list("IMPULSE_SIGNAL_POLARITY", 2, 0L)
# 3259–3260 Vibratory polarity code:
bindata[27, ] <- list("VIBRATORY_POLARITY_CODE", 2, 0L)
# 3261–3264 Extended number of data traces per ensemble. If nonzero, this overrides the
# number of data traces per ensemble in bytes 3213–3214.
bindata[28, ] <- list("EXTENDED_NB_TRACES_PER_ENSEMBLE", 4, 0L)
# 3265–3268 Extended number of auxiliary traces per ensemble. If nonzero, this overrides
# the number of auxiliary traces per ensemble in bytes 3215–3216.
bindata[29, ] <- list("EXTENDED_NB_AUX_TRACES_PER_ENSEMBLE", 4, 0L)
# 3269–3272 Extended number of samples per data trace. If nonzero, this overrides the
# number of samples per data trace in bytes 3221–3222.
bindata[30, ] <- list("EXTENDED_NB_SAMPLES_PER_TRACE", 4, 0L)
# 3273–3280 Extended sample interval, IEEE double precision (64-bit). If nonzero, this
# overrides the sample interval in bytes 3217–3218 with the same units.
bindata[31, ] <- list("EXTENDED_SAMPLES_INTERVAL", 8, 0L)
# bindata[32, ] <- list("EXTENDED_SAMPLES_INTERVAL2", 4, 0L)
# 3281–3288 Extended sample interval of original field recording, IEEE double precision
# (64-bit) . If nonzero, this overrides the sample interval of original field recording in
# bytes 3219–3220 with the same units.
bindata[32, ] <- list("EXTENDED_SAMPLES_INTERVAL_ORIG", 8, 0L)
# bindata[34, ] <- list("EXTENDED_SAMPLES_INTERVAL_ORIG2", 4, 0L)
# 3289–3292 Extended number of samples per data trace in original recording. If nonzero,
# this overrides the number of samples per data trace in original recording in
# bytes 3223–3224.
bindata[33, ] <- list("EXTENDED_NB_SAMPLES_PER_TRACE", 4, 0L)
# 3293–3296 Extended ensemble fold. If nonzero, this overrides ensemble fold in bytes
# 3227–3228.
bindata[34, ] <- list("EXTENDED_ENSEMBLE_FOLD", 4, 0L)
# 3297–3300
# The integer constant 16909060 10 (01020304 16 ). This is used to allow
# unambiguous detection of the byte ordering to expect for this SEG-Y file. For
# example, if this field reads as 67305985 10 (04030201 16 ) then the bytes in every
# Binary File Header, Trace Header and Trace Data field must be reversed as
# they are read, i.e. converting the endian-ness of the fields. If it reads
# 33620995 10 (02010403 16 ) then consecutive pairs of bytes need to be swapped
# in every Binary File Header, Trace Header and Trace Data field.
# The byte ordering of all other portions (the Extended Textual Header and Data
# Trailer) of the SEG-Y file is not affected by this field.
bindata[35, ] <- list("INTEGER_CST", 4, 0L)
# 3301–3500
# Unassigned
bindata[36, ] <- list("UNASSIGNED", 200, 0L)
# 3501 Major SEG-Y Format Revision Number. This is an 8-bit unsigned value. Thus
# for SEG-Y Revision 2.0, as defined in this document, this will be recorded as
# 02 16 . This field is mandatory for all versions of SEG-Y, although a value of
# zero indicates "traditional" SEG-Y conforming to the 1975 standard.
bindata[37, ] <- list("FORMAT_REV_NB", 1, 0L)
# hd$FORMAT_REV_NB <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 1, endian = ENDIAN, signed = FALSE)
# 3502 Minor SEG-Y Format Revision Number. This is an 8-bit unsigned value with a
# radix point between the first and second bytes. Thus for SEG-Y Revision 2.0,
# as defined in this document, this will be recorded as 00 16 . This field is
# mandatory for all versions of SEG-Y.
bindata[38, ] <- list("FORMAT_REV_NB_MINOR", 1, 0L)
# hd$FORMAT_REV_NB_MINOR <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 1, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3503-3504 - Fixed length trace flag. A value of one indicates that all traces in this SEG-Y
# file are guaranteed to have the same sample interval, number of trace header
# blocks and trace samples, as specified in Binary File Header bytes 3217-3218
# or 3281-3288, 3517-3518, and 3221-3222 or 3289-3292. A value of zero
# indicates that the length of the traces in the file may vary and the number of
# samples in bytes 115-116 of the Standard SEG-Y Trace Header and, if
# present, bytes 137-140 of SEG-Y Trace Header Extension 1 must be
# examined to determine the actual length of each trace. This field is mandatory
# for all versions of SEG-Y, although a value of zero indicates "traditional" SEGY
# conforming to the 1975 standard. Irrespective of this flag, it is strongly
# recommended that corect values for the number of samples per trace and
# sample interval appear in the appropriate trace Trace Header locations.
bindata[39, ] <- list("FIXED_LENGTH_FLAG", 2, 0L)
# hd$FIXED_LENGTH_FLAG <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3505-3506 - Number of 3200-byte, Extended Textual File Header
# records following the Binary Header.
bindata[40, ] <- list("NB_3200_BYTES", 2, 0L)
# hd$NB_3200_BYTES <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3507-3510 - Maximum number of additional 240 byte trace headers.
bindata[41, ] <- list("MAX_NB_240_HEADER", 4, 0L)
# hd$MAX_NB_240_HEADER <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 4, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3511-3512 - Time basis code:
# 1 = Local
# 2 = GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
# 3 = Other, should be explained in a user defined stanza in the
# Extended Textual File Header
# 4 = UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
# 5 = GPS (Global Positioning System Time)
bindata[42, ] <- list("TIME_BASIS_CODE", 2, 0L)
# hd$TIME_BASIS_CODE <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3513-3520 Number of traces in this file or stream
# If zero, all bytes in the file or stream are part of this SEG-Y dataset.
bindata[43, ] <- list("TRACE_NUMBER", 8, 0L)
# hd$TRACE_NUMBER <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 8, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3521–3528
# Byte offset of first trace relative to start of file or stream if known
bindata[44, ] <- list("BYTE_OFFSET", 8, 0L)
# hd$BYTE_OFFSET <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 8, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3529–3532
# Number of 3200-byte data trailer stanza records
bindata[45, ] <- list("NB_DATA_TRAILER", 4, 0L)
# hd$NB_DATA_TRAILER <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 4, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3533–3600 Unassigned
bindata[46, ] <- list("UNASSIGNED2", 68, 0L)
for(i in 1:nrow(bindata)){
bdi <- bindata[i,]
if(bdi$size > 8){
for(j in 1:bdi$size)
writeBin(bdi$val, con = dsn, size = 1L, endian = endian)
}else{
writeBin(bdi$val, con = dsn, size = bdi$size, endian = endian)
}
}
}
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# 240-byte Standard Trace Header
writeSGY_binary_trace_header <- function(dsn, x, endian = "little"){
if(length(x@coord) > 0 && sum(is.na(x@coord)) == 0){
XYZ <- x@coord
}else{
XYZ <- matrix(0, nrow = ncol(x), ncol = 3)
XYZ[, 1] <- x@pos
}
XYZ <-round(XYZ * 1000)
storage.mode(XYZ) <- "integer"
nspls <- nrow(x)
storage.mode(nspls) <- "integer"
dz <- as.integer(round(mean(diff(x@depth)) * 1e3))
storage.mode(dz) <- "integer"
for(i in seq_along(x)){
# di_1 <- flen(dsn)
# trace sequence number within line
writeBin(i, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# trace sequence number within SEG-Y file
writeBin(i, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Original field record number
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Trace number within original field record
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Energy source point number
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# CDP ensemble number || CDP = CMP
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Trace number within the ensemble
writeBin(i, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Trace identification code:
# 1 = seismic data;
# 2 = dead;
# 3 = dummy;
# 4 = time break;
# 5 = uphole;
# 6 = sweep;
# 7 = timing;
# 8 = water break;
# 9 = optional use
writeBin(1L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Stacking: Number of vertically summed traces yielding this trace
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Number of horizontally summed traces yielding this trace
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# data use:
# 1 = production;
# 2 = test.
writeBin(1L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Distance from center of the source point to the center of the receiver group
# (negative if opposite to direction in which line is shot).
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Elevation of receiver group
writeBin(XYZ[i, 3], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# *** Surface elevation at source location.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 3], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Source depth below surface
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Seismic Datum elevation at receiver group
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Seismic Datum elevation at source.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Water column height at source location
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Water column height at receiver group location
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Scalar to be applied to all elevations and depths
writeBin(1000L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Scalar to be applied to all coordinates
writeBin(1000L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Source coordinate - X.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 1], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Source coordinate - Y.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 2], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Group coordinate - X.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 1], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Group coordinate - Y.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 2], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Coordinates units
writeBin(1L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Weathering velocity (ft/s or m/s as specified in Binary File Header
# bytes 3255– 3256)
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Subweathering velocity. (ft/s or m/s as specified in Binary File Header
# bytes 3255–3256)
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Uphole time at source in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Uphole time at group in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Source static correction in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Group static correction in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Total static applied in milliseconds. (Zero if no static has
# been applied,)
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Lag time A
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Lag Time B
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Delay recording time
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Mute time — Start time in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Mute time — End time in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# *** Number of samples in this trace.
writeBin(nspls, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# *** Sample interval for this trace.
writeBin(dz, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# bytes 119 - 156
for(j in 1:19){
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
}
# bytes 157 - 1240
for(j in 1:42){
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
}
writeBin(as.integer(x@data[, i]), con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# invisible(seek(con, where = 156 - 118, origin = "current"))
#
# # Year data recorded
# trhd[22, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# # Day of year
# trhd[23, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# # Hour of day
# trhd[24, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# # Minute of hour.
# trhd[25, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# # Second of minute.
# trhd[26, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
#
# # Time basis code. If nonzero, overrides Binary File Header bytes 3511-3512.
# # 1 = Local
# # 2 = GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
# # 3 = Other, should be explained in a user defined stanza in the Extended
# # Textual File Header
# # 4 = UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
# # 5 = GPS (Global Positioning System Time)
# trhd[27, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
#
# invisible(seek(con, where = 3600 + 240 * i + nspls * nbytes * (i-1), origin = "start"))
# if(grepl("float", DATA_FORMAT)){ # == "4-byte IEEE floating-point"){
# dataSGY[,i] <- readBin(con, what = double(), n = nspls,
# size = nbytes, endian = ENDIAN, signed = TRUE)
# }else{
# dataSGY[,i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = nspls,
# size = nbytes, endian = ENDIAN)
# }
}
# bindata <- data.frame(tag = rep("", 10),
# # what = "integer",
# size = rep(4, 10),
# val = 0L)
}
emanuelhuber/RGPR documentation built on May 13, 2024, 9:31 p.m.
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Defines functions writeSGY_binary_trace_header writeSGY_binary_file_header writeSGY_textual_file_header .writeSGY
#
# flen <- function(con){
# pos0 <- seek(con)
# seek(con,0,"end")
# pos <- seek(con)
# seek(con,where=pos0,"start")
# return(pos)
# }
#
# library(RGPR)
# x <- frenkeLine00
# x@pos * 1000
#
# THD <- "A reel identification header consisting of 3600 bytes in 2 parts:"
#
# dsn <- "test.sgy"
# dsn <- file(dsn, "wb")
# writeSGY_textual_file_header(dsn, THD)
# writeSGY_binary_file_header(dsn, x)
# writeSGY_binary_trace_header(dsn, x)
#
# flen(dsn)
# close(dsn)
#
# dsn <- "test.sgy"
# x <- readSGY(dsn, ENDIAN = "little")
# y <- readGPR(dsn)
# plot(y)
# plot(y@coord)
# plot(y@pos)
#
# dsn <- file(dsn, "rb")
#
#
# u <- readSGY(dsn, ENDIAN = "little")
# names(u)
#
# u$DTR$trHD[16,]
# u$DTR$trHD[17,]
# u$DTR$trHD[12,]
.writeSGY <- function(x, fPath, endian = "little"){
dsn <- file(fPath, "wb")
x@data[!is.finite(x@data)] <- 0
x@data <- round( (x@data - min(x@data))/(diff(range(x@data))) *
(32767 + 32768) - 32768 )
storage.mode(x@data) <- "integer"
THD <- "Export by RGPR"
writeSGY_textual_file_header(dsn, THD, endian = endian)
writeSGY_binary_file_header(dsn, x, endian = endian)
writeSGY_binary_trace_header(dsn, x, endian = endian)
close(dsn)
}
# A reel identification header consisting of 3600 bytes in 2 parts:
# 1. - 3200 (0xC80) bytes of EBCDIC characters representing 40 80-byte
# "card images"
# .Platform$endian
writeSGY_textual_file_header <- function(dsn, THD , endian = "little"){
u <- charToRaw(THD)
n <- length(u)
if(n > 3200){
u <- u[1:3200]
}else{
u <- c(u , raw(3200 - n))
}
writeBin(u, dsn, size =1, endian = endian, useBytes = FALSE)
# .flen(dsn)
}
#------------------------------ BINARY FILE HEADER ----------------------------#
# 400 (0x190) bytes of binary fixed-point integers, the first 60 bytes
# are assigned, the remaining 340 bytes are unassigned for optional use;
writeSGY_binary_file_header <- function(dsn, x, endian = "little"){
bindata <- data.frame(tag = rep("", 10),
# what = "integer",
size = rep(4, 10),
val = 0L)
# str(bindata)
# # 3201-3204 - Job identification number
bindata[1, ] <- list("JOB_ID", 4, 0L)
# 3205-3208 - Line number
bindata[2, ] <- list("LINE_NUMBER", 4, 0L)
# 3209-3212 - Reel number
bindata[3, ] <- list("REEL_NUMBER", 4, 0L)
# 3213-3214 - Number of data traces per ensemble
bindata[4, ] <- list("NB_DATA_TRACES", 2, 0L)
# 3215-3216 - Number of auxiliary traces per ensemble
bindata[5, ] <- list("NB_AUX_TRACES", 2, 0L)
# 3217-3218 - Sample interval. Microseconds (micro-s) for time data, Hertz (Hz)
# for frequency data, meters (m) or feet (ft) for depth data.
#
splint <- as.integer(round(diff(range(x@depth)))) # keep in nanosecond
bindata[6, ] <- list("TIME_SAMPLING", 2, splint)
# 3219-3220 Sample interval of original field recording. Microseconds (micro-s) for
# time data, Hertz (Hz) for frequency data, meters (m) or
# feet (ft) for depth data.
bindata[7, ] <- list("TIME_SAMPLING_FIELD", 2, 0L)
# 3221-3222 - Number of samples per data trace
bindata[8, ] <- list("NB_SAMPLES", 2, nrow(x))
# 3223-3224 - Number of samples per data trace for original field recording.
bindata[9, ] <- list("NB_SAMPLES_FIELD", 2, 0L)
# 3225-3226 - data sample format code
# 1 = 4-byte IBM floating-point
# 2 = 4-byte, two's complement integer
# 3 = 2-byte, two's complement integer
# 4 = 4-byte fixed-point with gain (obsolete)
# 5 = 4-byte IEEE floating-point
# 6 = 8-byte IEEE floating-point
# 7 = 3-byte two's complement integer
# 8 = 1-byte, two's complement integer
# 9 = 8-byte, two's complement integer
# 10 = 4-byte, unsigned integer
# 11 = 2-byte, unsigned integer
# 12 = 8-byte, unsigned integer
# 15 = 3-byte, unsigned integer
# 16 = 1-byte, unsigned integer
# invisible(seek(con, where = 3224, origin = "start"))
# hd$DATA_FORMAT_CODE <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
bindata[10, ] <- list("DATA_FORMAT_CODE", 2, 3L)
# hd$DATA_FORMAT <- switch(hd$DATA_FORMAT_CODE,
# "1" = "32-bit IBM floating point",
# "2" = "32-bit fixed-point",
# "3" = "16-bit fixed-point",
# "4" = "16-bit fixed-point with gain code",
# "5" = "4-byte IEEE floating-point",
# "6" = "8-byte IEEE floating-point",
# "7" = "3-byte two's complement integer",
# "8" = "1-byte, two's complement integer",
# "9" = "8-byte, two's complement integer",
# "10" = "4-byte, unsigned integer",
# "11" = "2-byte, unsigned integer",
# "12" = "8-byte, unsigned integer",
# "15" = "3-byte, unsigned integer")
# hd$DATA_BYTES <- switch(hd$DATA_FORMAT_CODE,
# "1" = 4,
# "2" = 4,
# "3" = 2,
# "4" = 2,
# "5" = 4,
# "6" = 8,
# "7" = 3,
# "8" = 1,
# "9" = 8,
# "10" = 4,
# "11" = 2,
# "12" = 8,
# "15" = 3,
# "16" = 1)
#
# 3227-3228 - CDP fold expected per CDP ensemble
# hd$ENSEMBLE_FOLD <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
bindata[11, ] <- list("ENSEMBLE_FOLD", 2, 1L)
# 3229-3230 - Trace sorting code (i.e. type of ensemble) :
# -1 = Other (should be explained in a user Extended Textual File Header
# stanza)
# 0 = Unknown
# 1 = As recorded (no sorting)
# 2 = CDP ensemble
# 3 = Single fold continuous profile
# 4 = Horizontally stacked
# 5 = Common source point
# 6 = Common receiver point
# 7 = Common offset point
# 8 = Common mid-point
# 9 = Common conversion point
bindata[12, ] <- list("TRACE_SORTING_CODE", 2, 0L)
# hd$TRACE_SORTING_CODE <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3231-3232 - Vertical sum code:
# 1 = no sum,
# 2 = two sum,
# ...,
# N = M-1 sum (M = 2 to 32,767)
bindata[13, ] <- list("VERTICAL_SUM_CODE", 2, 0L)
# hd$VERTICAL_SUM_CODE <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# hd$VERTICAL_SUM <- switch(hd$VERTICAL_SUM_CODE ,
# "1" = "meter",
# "2" = "feet")
# 3233-3234 - Sweep frequency at start (Hz).
bindata[14, ] <- list("SWEEP_FREQ_START", 2, 0L)
# hd$SWEEP_FREQ_START <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3235-3236 - Sweep frequency at end (Hz).
bindata[15, ] <- list("SWEEP_FREQ_END", 2, 0L)
# hd$SWEEP_FREQ_END <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3237-3238 Sweep length (ms).
bindata[16, ] <- list("SWEEP_LENGTH", 2, 0L)
# hd$SWEEP_LENGTH <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3239–3240
# Sweep type code:
# 1 = linear
# 2 = parabolic
# 3 = exponential
# 4 = other
bindata[17, ] <- list("SWEEP_TYPE_CODE", 2, 0L)
# 3241-3242 > Trace number of sweep channel.
bindata[18, ] <- list("TRACE_NB_SWEEP_CHANNEL", 2, 0L)
# 3243–3244 > Sweep trace taper length in milliseconds at start
bindata[19, ] <- list("SWEEP_TRACE_TAPER_START", 2, 0L)
# 3245–3246 > Sweep trace taper length in milliseconds at end
bindata[20, ] <- list("SWEEP_TRACE_TAPER_END", 2, 0L)
# 3247–3248 > Taper type:
# 1 = linear
# 2 = cosine squared
# 3 = other
bindata[21, ] <- list("TAPER_TYPE", 2, 0L)
# 3249–3250 Correlated data traces:
# 1 = no
# 2 = yes
bindata[22, ] <- list("CORRELATED_DATA_TRACES", 2, 0L)
# 3251–3252 Binary gain recovered:
# 1 = yes
# 2 = no
bindata[23, ] <- list("BINARY_GAIN_RECOVERED", 2, 0L)
# 3253–3254 Amplitude recovery method:
# 1 = none
# 2 = spherical divergence
# 3 = AGC
# 4 = other
bindata[24, ] <- list("AMPLITUDE_RECOVERY_METHOD", 2, 0L)
# 3255–3256 Measurement system:
# 1 = Meters
# 2 = Feet
bindata[25, ] <- list("MEASUREMENT_SYSTEM", 2, 0L)
# 3257–3258 Impulse signal polarity
# 1 = Increase in pressure or upward geophone case movement gives negative
# number on trace.
# 2 = Increase in pressure or upward geophone case movement gives positive
# number on trace.
bindata[26, ] <- list("IMPULSE_SIGNAL_POLARITY", 2, 0L)
# 3259–3260 Vibratory polarity code:
bindata[27, ] <- list("VIBRATORY_POLARITY_CODE", 2, 0L)
# 3261–3264 Extended number of data traces per ensemble. If nonzero, this overrides the
# number of data traces per ensemble in bytes 3213–3214.
bindata[28, ] <- list("EXTENDED_NB_TRACES_PER_ENSEMBLE", 4, 0L)
# 3265–3268 Extended number of auxiliary traces per ensemble. If nonzero, this overrides
# the number of auxiliary traces per ensemble in bytes 3215–3216.
bindata[29, ] <- list("EXTENDED_NB_AUX_TRACES_PER_ENSEMBLE", 4, 0L)
# 3269–3272 Extended number of samples per data trace. If nonzero, this overrides the
# number of samples per data trace in bytes 3221–3222.
bindata[30, ] <- list("EXTENDED_NB_SAMPLES_PER_TRACE", 4, 0L)
# 3273–3280 Extended sample interval, IEEE double precision (64-bit). If nonzero, this
# overrides the sample interval in bytes 3217–3218 with the same units.
bindata[31, ] <- list("EXTENDED_SAMPLES_INTERVAL", 8, 0L)
# bindata[32, ] <- list("EXTENDED_SAMPLES_INTERVAL2", 4, 0L)
# 3281–3288 Extended sample interval of original field recording, IEEE double precision
# (64-bit) . If nonzero, this overrides the sample interval of original field recording in
# bytes 3219–3220 with the same units.
bindata[32, ] <- list("EXTENDED_SAMPLES_INTERVAL_ORIG", 8, 0L)
# bindata[34, ] <- list("EXTENDED_SAMPLES_INTERVAL_ORIG2", 4, 0L)
# 3289–3292 Extended number of samples per data trace in original recording. If nonzero,
# this overrides the number of samples per data trace in original recording in
# bytes 3223–3224.
bindata[33, ] <- list("EXTENDED_NB_SAMPLES_PER_TRACE", 4, 0L)
# 3293–3296 Extended ensemble fold. If nonzero, this overrides ensemble fold in bytes
# 3227–3228.
bindata[34, ] <- list("EXTENDED_ENSEMBLE_FOLD", 4, 0L)
# 3297–3300
# The integer constant 16909060 10 (01020304 16 ). This is used to allow
# unambiguous detection of the byte ordering to expect for this SEG-Y file. For
# example, if this field reads as 67305985 10 (04030201 16 ) then the bytes in every
# Binary File Header, Trace Header and Trace Data field must be reversed as
# they are read, i.e. converting the endian-ness of the fields. If it reads
# 33620995 10 (02010403 16 ) then consecutive pairs of bytes need to be swapped
# in every Binary File Header, Trace Header and Trace Data field.
# The byte ordering of all other portions (the Extended Textual Header and Data
# Trailer) of the SEG-Y file is not affected by this field.
bindata[35, ] <- list("INTEGER_CST", 4, 0L)
# 3301–3500
# Unassigned
bindata[36, ] <- list("UNASSIGNED", 200, 0L)
# 3501 Major SEG-Y Format Revision Number. This is an 8-bit unsigned value. Thus
# for SEG-Y Revision 2.0, as defined in this document, this will be recorded as
# 02 16 . This field is mandatory for all versions of SEG-Y, although a value of
# zero indicates "traditional" SEG-Y conforming to the 1975 standard.
bindata[37, ] <- list("FORMAT_REV_NB", 1, 0L)
# hd$FORMAT_REV_NB <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 1, endian = ENDIAN, signed = FALSE)
# 3502 Minor SEG-Y Format Revision Number. This is an 8-bit unsigned value with a
# radix point between the first and second bytes. Thus for SEG-Y Revision 2.0,
# as defined in this document, this will be recorded as 00 16 . This field is
# mandatory for all versions of SEG-Y.
bindata[38, ] <- list("FORMAT_REV_NB_MINOR", 1, 0L)
# hd$FORMAT_REV_NB_MINOR <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 1, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3503-3504 - Fixed length trace flag. A value of one indicates that all traces in this SEG-Y
# file are guaranteed to have the same sample interval, number of trace header
# blocks and trace samples, as specified in Binary File Header bytes 3217-3218
# or 3281-3288, 3517-3518, and 3221-3222 or 3289-3292. A value of zero
# indicates that the length of the traces in the file may vary and the number of
# samples in bytes 115-116 of the Standard SEG-Y Trace Header and, if
# present, bytes 137-140 of SEG-Y Trace Header Extension 1 must be
# examined to determine the actual length of each trace. This field is mandatory
# for all versions of SEG-Y, although a value of zero indicates "traditional" SEGY
# conforming to the 1975 standard. Irrespective of this flag, it is strongly
# recommended that corect values for the number of samples per trace and
# sample interval appear in the appropriate trace Trace Header locations.
bindata[39, ] <- list("FIXED_LENGTH_FLAG", 2, 0L)
# hd$FIXED_LENGTH_FLAG <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3505-3506 - Number of 3200-byte, Extended Textual File Header
# records following the Binary Header.
bindata[40, ] <- list("NB_3200_BYTES", 2, 0L)
# hd$NB_3200_BYTES <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3507-3510 - Maximum number of additional 240 byte trace headers.
bindata[41, ] <- list("MAX_NB_240_HEADER", 4, 0L)
# hd$MAX_NB_240_HEADER <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 4, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3511-3512 - Time basis code:
# 1 = Local
# 2 = GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
# 3 = Other, should be explained in a user defined stanza in the
# Extended Textual File Header
# 4 = UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
# 5 = GPS (Global Positioning System Time)
bindata[42, ] <- list("TIME_BASIS_CODE", 2, 0L)
# hd$TIME_BASIS_CODE <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3513-3520 Number of traces in this file or stream
# If zero, all bytes in the file or stream are part of this SEG-Y dataset.
bindata[43, ] <- list("TRACE_NUMBER", 8, 0L)
# hd$TRACE_NUMBER <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 8, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3521–3528
# Byte offset of first trace relative to start of file or stream if known
bindata[44, ] <- list("BYTE_OFFSET", 8, 0L)
# hd$BYTE_OFFSET <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 8, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3529–3532
# Number of 3200-byte data trailer stanza records
bindata[45, ] <- list("NB_DATA_TRAILER", 4, 0L)
# hd$NB_DATA_TRAILER <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 4, endian = ENDIAN)
# 3533–3600 Unassigned
bindata[46, ] <- list("UNASSIGNED2", 68, 0L)
for(i in 1:nrow(bindata)){
bdi <- bindata[i,]
if(bdi$size > 8){
for(j in 1:bdi$size)
writeBin(bdi$val, con = dsn, size = 1L, endian = endian)
}else{
writeBin(bdi$val, con = dsn, size = bdi$size, endian = endian)
}
}
}
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------#
# 240-byte Standard Trace Header
writeSGY_binary_trace_header <- function(dsn, x, endian = "little"){
if(length(x@coord) > 0 && sum(is.na(x@coord)) == 0){
XYZ <- x@coord
}else{
XYZ <- matrix(0, nrow = ncol(x), ncol = 3)
XYZ[, 1] <- x@pos
}
XYZ <-round(XYZ * 1000)
storage.mode(XYZ) <- "integer"
nspls <- nrow(x)
storage.mode(nspls) <- "integer"
dz <- as.integer(round(mean(diff(x@depth)) * 1e3))
storage.mode(dz) <- "integer"
for(i in seq_along(x)){
# di_1 <- flen(dsn)
# trace sequence number within line
writeBin(i, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# trace sequence number within SEG-Y file
writeBin(i, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Original field record number
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Trace number within original field record
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Energy source point number
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# CDP ensemble number || CDP = CMP
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Trace number within the ensemble
writeBin(i, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Trace identification code:
# 1 = seismic data;
# 2 = dead;
# 3 = dummy;
# 4 = time break;
# 5 = uphole;
# 6 = sweep;
# 7 = timing;
# 8 = water break;
# 9 = optional use
writeBin(1L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Stacking: Number of vertically summed traces yielding this trace
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Number of horizontally summed traces yielding this trace
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# data use:
# 1 = production;
# 2 = test.
writeBin(1L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Distance from center of the source point to the center of the receiver group
# (negative if opposite to direction in which line is shot).
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Elevation of receiver group
writeBin(XYZ[i, 3], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# *** Surface elevation at source location.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 3], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Source depth below surface
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Seismic Datum elevation at receiver group
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Seismic Datum elevation at source.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Water column height at source location
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Water column height at receiver group location
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Scalar to be applied to all elevations and depths
writeBin(1000L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Scalar to be applied to all coordinates
writeBin(1000L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Source coordinate - X.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 1], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Source coordinate - Y.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 2], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Group coordinate - X.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 1], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Group coordinate - Y.
writeBin(XYZ[i, 2], con = dsn, size = 4, endian = endian)
# Coordinates units
writeBin(1L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Weathering velocity (ft/s or m/s as specified in Binary File Header
# bytes 3255– 3256)
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Subweathering velocity. (ft/s or m/s as specified in Binary File Header
# bytes 3255–3256)
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Uphole time at source in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Uphole time at group in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Source static correction in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Group static correction in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Total static applied in milliseconds. (Zero if no static has
# been applied,)
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Lag time A
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Lag Time B
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Delay recording time
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Mute time — Start time in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# Mute time — End time in milliseconds.
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# *** Number of samples in this trace.
writeBin(nspls, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# *** Sample interval for this trace.
writeBin(dz, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# bytes 119 - 156
for(j in 1:19){
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
}
# bytes 157 - 1240
for(j in 1:42){
writeBin(0L, con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
}
writeBin(as.integer(x@data[, i]), con = dsn, size = 2, endian = endian)
# invisible(seek(con, where = 156 - 118, origin = "current"))
#
# # Year data recorded
# trhd[22, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# # Day of year
# trhd[23, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# # Hour of day
# trhd[24, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# # Minute of hour.
# trhd[25, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
# # Second of minute.
# trhd[26, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
#
# # Time basis code. If nonzero, overrides Binary File Header bytes 3511-3512.
# # 1 = Local
# # 2 = GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
# # 3 = Other, should be explained in a user defined stanza in the Extended
# # Textual File Header
# # 4 = UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)
# # 5 = GPS (Global Positioning System Time)
# trhd[27, i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = 1, size = 2, endian = ENDIAN)
#
# invisible(seek(con, where = 3600 + 240 * i + nspls * nbytes * (i-1), origin = "start"))
# if(grepl("float", DATA_FORMAT)){ # == "4-byte IEEE floating-point"){
# dataSGY[,i] <- readBin(con, what = double(), n = nspls,
# size = nbytes, endian = ENDIAN, signed = TRUE)
# }else{
# dataSGY[,i] <- readBin(con, what = integer(), n = nspls,
# size = nbytes, endian = ENDIAN)
# }
}
# bindata <- data.frame(tag = rep("", 10),
# # what = "integer",
# size = rep(4, 10),
# val = 0L)
}
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