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##' Compute sensitivity, specificity and predictive values
##'
##' Confidence intervals are obtained with \code{binom.test}
##' @aliases Specificity NPV PPV Diagnose
##' @usage Sensitivity(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...)
##' Specificity(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...)
##' NPV(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...)
##' PPV(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...)
##' @title Compute sensitivity, specificity and predictive values
##' @param x Either a binary 0,1 variable, or a numeric marker which is cut into binary.
##' @param event Binary response variable. Either a 0,1 variable where 1 means 'event', or a factor where the second level means 'event'.
##' @param cutoff When x is a numeric marker, it is compared to this cutoff to obtain a binary test.
##' @param comparison How x is to be compared to the cutoff value
##' @param ... passed on to \code{binom.test}
##' @return list with Sensitivity, Specificity, NPV, PPV and confidence interval
##' @seealso binom.test
##' @examples
##'
##' set.seed(17)
##' x <- rnorm(10)
##' y <- rbinom(10,1,0.4)
##' Sensitivity(x,y,0.3)
##' Specificity(x,y,0.3)
##' PPV(x,y,0.3)
##' NPV(x,y,0.3)
##'
##' Diagnose(x,y,0.3)
##' @export
##' @author Thomas A. Gerds <tag@@biostat.ku.dk>
Sensitivity <- function(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...){
stopifnot(length(x)==length(event))
if (length(unique(x))<=2){
if (is.factor(x))
Test <- x==levels(x)[1]
else
Test <- x
} else{
if (missing(cutoff)) stop("No cutoff given")
Test <- switch(comparison,"<="=I(x<=cutoff),"<"=I(x<cutoff),">="=I(x>=cutoff),">"=I(x>cutoff))
Test <- 1*Test
}
ue <- unique(event)
stopifnot(length(ue)==2)
if (is.factor(event))
Event <- 1*(event==levels(event)[2])
else
Event <- 1*(event==max(event))
## print(table(Test,Event))
bt <- binom.test(x=sum(Test==1 & Event==1),n=sum(Event==1),...)
out <- list(Sensitivity=as.numeric(bt$estimate),conf.int=bt$conf.int)
class(out) <- "Sensitivity"
out
}
##' @S3method print Sensitivity
print.Sensitivity <- function(x,...){
cat(names(x)[1],
": ",
round(100*x[[1]],1),
" (CI_95:",
paste("[",paste(round(100*x$conf.int,1),collapse=","),"])",sep=""),
"\n",
sep="")
}
##' @export
Specificity <- function(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...){
stopifnot(length(x)==length(event))
if (length(unique(x))<=2){
if (is.factor(x))
Test <- x==levels(x)[1]
else
Test <- x
} else{
if (missing(cutoff)) stop("No cutoff given")
Test <- switch(comparison,"<="=I(x<=cutoff),"<"=I(x<cutoff),">="=I(x>=cutoff),">"=I(x>cutoff))
Test <- 1*Test
}
ue <- unique(event)
stopifnot(length(ue)==2)
if (is.factor(event))
Event <- 1*(event==levels(event)[2])
else
Event <- 1*(event==max(event))
## print(table(Test,Event))
bt <- binom.test(x=sum(Test==0 & Event==0),n=sum(Event==0),...)
out <- list(Specificity=as.numeric(bt$estimate),conf.int=bt$conf.int)
class(out) <- "Sensitivity"
out
}
##' @export
PPV <- function(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...){
stopifnot(length(x)==length(event))
if (length(unique(x))<=2){
if (is.factor(x))
Test <- x==levels(x)[1]
else
Test <- x
} else{
if (missing(cutoff)) stop("No cutoff given")
Test <- switch(comparison,"<="=I(x<=cutoff),"<"=I(x<cutoff),">="=I(x>=cutoff),">"=I(x>cutoff))
Test <- 1*Test
}
ue <- unique(event)
stopifnot(length(ue)==2)
if (is.factor(event))
Event <- 1*(event==levels(event)[2])
else
Event <- 1*(event==max(event))
## print(table(Test,Event))
bt <- binom.test(x=sum(Test==1 & Event==1),n=sum(Test==1),...)
out <- list("Positive predictive value"=as.numeric(bt$estimate),conf.int=bt$conf.int)
class(out) <- "Sensitivity"
out
}
##' @export
NPV <- function(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...){
stopifnot(length(x)==length(event))
if (length(unique(x))<=2){
if (is.factor(x))
Test <- x==levels(x)[1]
else
Test <- x
} else{
if (missing(cutoff)) stop("No cutoff given")
Test <- switch(comparison,"<="=I(x<=cutoff),"<"=I(x<cutoff),">="=I(x>=cutoff),">"=I(x>cutoff))
Test <- 1*Test
}
ue <- unique(event)
stopifnot(length(ue)==2)
if (is.factor(event))
Event <- 1*(event==levels(event)[2])
else
Event <- 1*(event==max(event))
## print(table(Test,Event))
bt <- binom.test(x=sum(Test==0 & Event==0),n=sum(Test==0),...)
out <- list("Negative predictive value"=as.numeric(bt$estimate),conf.int=bt$conf.int)
class(out) <- "Sensitivity"
out
}
##' @export
Diagnose <- function(x,event,cutoff,comparison=">=",...){
stopifnot(length(x)==length(event))
if (length(unique(x))<=2){
if (is.factor(x))
Test <- x==levels(x)[1]
else
Test <- x
} else{
if (missing(cutoff)) stop("No cutoff given")
Test <- switch(comparison,"<="=I(x<=cutoff),"<"=I(x<cutoff),">="=I(x>=cutoff),">"=I(x>cutoff))
Test <- 1*Test
}
ue <- unique(event)
stopifnot(length(ue)==2)
if (is.factor(event))
Event <- 1*(event==levels(event)[2])
else
Event <- 1*(event==max(event))
sens <- binom.test(x=sum(Test==1 & Event==1),n=sum(Event==1),...)
spec <- binom.test(x=sum(Test==0 & Event==0),n=sum(Event==0),...)
ppv <- binom.test(x=sum(Test==1 & Event==1),n=sum(Test==1),...)
npv <- binom.test(x=sum(Test==0 & Event==0),n=sum(Test==0),...)
out <- list(table=table(test=Test, event=Event),
diag=list(Sensitivity=list(Sensitivity=sens$estimate,conf.int=sens$conf.int),
Specificity=list(Specificity=spec$estimate,conf.int=spec$conf.int),
PPV=list(PPV=ppv$estimate,conf.int=ppv$conf.int),
NPV=list(NPV=npv$estimate,conf.int=npv$conf.int)))
class(out) <- "Diagnose"
out
}
##' @S3method print Diagnose
print.Diagnose <- function(x,...){
cat("2x2 table:\n")
print(x$table)
dd <- do.call("rbind",lapply(x$diag,function(d){
c(names(d)[1],
round(100*d[[1]],1),
paste("[",paste(round(100*d$conf.int,1),collapse=","),"]",sep=""))
}))
colnames(dd) <- c("Parameter","Estimate","CI.95")
rownames(dd) <- NULL
cat("\nDiagnostic parameters:\n")
print(dd,quote=FALSE,rownames=FALSE)
invisible(dd)
}
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