mexDependence: Estimate the dependence parameters in a conditional...

In texmex: Threshold exceedences and multivariate extremes

Description

Estimate the dependence parameters in a conditional multivariate extreme values model using the approach of Heffernan and Tawn, 2004.

Usage

mexDependence(x, which, dqu, margins="laplace", constrain=TRUE, v = 10, maxit=1000000, start=c(.01, .01), marTransform="mixture", nOptim = 1, PlotLikDo=FALSE, PlotLikRange=list(a=c(-1,1),b=c(-3,1)), PlotLikTitle=NULL)

Arguments

x	An object of class 'migpd' as returned by migpd.
which	The name of the variable on which to condition. This is the name of a column of the data that was passed into migpd.
dqu	See documentation for this argument in mex.
margins	The form of margins to which the data are transformed for carrying out dependence estimation. Defaults to "laplace", with the alternative option being "gumbel". The choice of margins has an impact on the interpretation of the fitted dependence parameters. Under Gumbel margins, the estimated parameters a and b describe only positive dependence, while c and d describe negative dependence in this case. For Laplace margins, only parameters a and b are estimated as these capture both positive and negative dependence.
constrain	Logical value. Defaults to constrain=TRUE although this will subsequently be changed to FALSE if margins="gumbel" for which constrained estimation is not implemented. If margins="laplace" and constrain=TRUE then the dependence parameter space is constrained to allow only combinations of parameters which give the correct stochastic ordering between (positively and negatively) asymptotically dependent variables and variables which are asymptotically independent.
v	Scalar. Tuning parameter used to carry out constrained estimation of dependence structure under constrain=TRUE. Takes positive values greater than 1; values between 2 and 10 are recommended.
maxit	The maximum number of iterations to be used by the optimizer. defaults to maxit = 1000000.
start	Optional starting value for dependence estimation. This can be: a vector of length two, with values corresponding to dependence parameters a and b respectively, and in which case start is used as a starting value for numerical estimation of each of the dependence models to be estimated; a matrix with two rows corresponding to dependence parameters a and b respectively and number of columns equal to the number of dependence models to be estimated (the ordering of the columns will be as in the original data matrix); or a previously estimated object of class 'mex' whose dependence parameter estimates are used as a starting point for estimation. Note that under constrain=TRUE, if supplied, start must lie within the permitted area of the parameter space.
marTransform	Optional form of transformation to be used for probability integral transform of data from original to Gumbel or Laplace margins. Takes values marTransform="mixture" (the default) or marTransform="empirical". When marTransform="mixture", the rank transform is used below the corresponding GPD fitting threshold used in x, and the fitted gpd tail model is used above this threshold. When marTransform="empirical" the rank transform is used for the entire range of each marginal distribution.
nOptim	Number of times to run optimiser when estimating dependence model parameters. Defaults to 1. In the case of nOptim > 1 the first call to the optimiser uses the value start as a starging point, while subsequent calls to the optimiser are started at the parameter value to which the previous call converged.
PlotLikDo	Logical value: whether or not to plot the profile likelihood surface for dependence model parameters under constrained estimation.
PlotLikRange	This is used to specify a region of the parameter space over which to plot the profile log-likelihood surface. List of length 2; each item being a vector of length two corresponding to the plotting ranges for dependence parameters a and b respectively. If this argument is not missing, then PlotLikDo is set equal to TRUE.
PlotLikTitle	Used only if PlotLikDo=TRUE. Character string. Optional title added to the profile log-likelihood surface plot.
...	Further arguments to be passed to methods.

Details

Estimates the extremal dependence structure of the data in x. The precise nature of the estimation depends on the value of margins. If margins="laplace" (the default) then dependence parameters a and b are estimated after transformation of the data to Laplace marginal distributions. These parameters can describe both positive and negative dependence. If margins="gumbel" then the parameters a, b, c and d in the dependence structure described by Heffernan and Tawn (2004) are estimated in the following two steps: first, a and b are estimated; then, if a=0 and b is negative, parameters c and d are estimated (this is the case of negative dependence). Otherwise c and d will be fixed at zero (this is the case of positive dependence).

If margins="laplace" then the option of constrained parameter estimation is available by setting argument constrain=TRUE. The default is to constrain the values of the parameters (constrain=TRUE). This constrained estimation ensures validity of the estimated model, and enforces the consistency of the fitted dependence model with the strength of extremal dependence exhibited by the data. More details are given in Keef et al. (2011). The effect of this constraint is to limit the shape of the dependence parameter space so that its boundary is curved rather than following the original box constraints suggested by Heffernan and Tawn (2004). The constraint brings with it some performance issues for the optimiser used to estimate the dependence parameters, in particular sensitivity to choice of starting value which we describe now.

The dependence parameter estimates returned by this function can be particularly sensitive to the choice of starting value used for the optimisation. This is especially true when margins="laplace" and constrain=TRUE, in which case the maximum of the objective function can lie on the edge of the (possibly curved) constrained parameter space. It is therefore up to the user to check that the reported parameter estimates really do correspond to the maximum of the profile lilkelihood surface. This is easily carried out by using the visual diagnostics invoked by setting PlotLikDo=TRUE and adjusting the plotting area by using the argument PlotLikRange to focus on the region containing the surface maximum. See an example below which illustrates the use of this diagnostic.

Value

An object of class mex which is a list containing the following three objects:

margins	An object of class migpd.
dependence	An object of class mexDependence.
call	This matches the original function call.

Author(s)

Harry Southworth, Janet E. Heffernan

References

J. E. Heffernan and J. A. Tawn, A conditional approach for multivariate extreme values, Journal of the Royal Statistical society B, 66, 497 – 546, 2004.

Keef, C., Papastathopoulos, I. and Tawn, J.A., (2011) Additional Constraints for the Conditional Multivariate Extremes Model of Heffernan and Tawn, to appear.

See Also

migpd, bootmex, predict.mex, plot.mex

Examples

data(winter)
mygpd <- migpd(winter , mqu=.7, penalty="none")
mexDependence(mygpd , which = "NO", dqu=.7)

# focus on 2-d example with parameter estimates on boundary of constrained parameter space:
NO.NO2 <- migpd(winter[,2:3] , mqu=.7, penalty="none")

# starting value gives estimate far from true max:
mexDependence(NO.NO2, which = "NO",dqu=0.7,start=c(0.01,0.01),
              PlotLikDo=TRUE,PlotLikTitle=c("NO2 | NO"))

# zoom in on plotting region containing maximum:
mexDependence(NO.NO2, which = "NO",dqu=0.7,start=c(0.01,0.01),
              PlotLikDo=TRUE,PlotLikTitle=c("NO2 | NO"), 
              PlotLikRange = list(a=c(0,0.8),b=c(-0.2,0.6)))

# try different starting value:
mexDependence(NO.NO2, which = "NO",dqu=0.7,start=c(0.1,0.1),
              PlotLikDo=TRUE,PlotLikTitle=c("NO2 | NO"), 
              PlotLikRange = list(a=c(0,0.8),b=c(-0.2,0.6)))

texmex documentation built on May 2, 2019, 4:56 p.m.