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#' Demonstration for ``Moving Window Auto-Regression''
#'
#' This function just fulfills a very naive idea about moving window regression
#' using rectangles to denote the ``windows'' and move them, and the
#' corresponding AR(1) coefficients as long as rough confidence intervals are
#' computed for data points inside the ``windows'' during the process of moving.
#'
#' The AR(1) coefficients are computed by \code{\link{arima}}.
#' @param x univariate time-series (a single numerical vector); default to be
#' \code{sin(seq(0, 2 * pi, length = 50)) + rnorm(50, sd = 0.2)}
#' @param k an integer of the window width
#' @param conf a positive number: the confidence intervals are computed as
#' \code{c(ar1 - conf*s.e., ar1 + conf*s.e.)}
#' @param mat,widths,heights arguments passed to \code{\link{layout}} to divide
#' the device into 2 parts
#' @param lty.rect the line type of the rectangles respresenting the moving
#' ``windows''
#' @param \dots other arguments passed to \code{\link{points}} in the bottom
#' plot (the centers of the arrows)
#' @return A list containing \item{phi }{the AR(1) coefficients} \item{L }{lower
#' bound of the confidence interval} \item{U }{upper bound of the confidence
#' interval}
#' @author Yihui Xie
#' @seealso \code{\link{arima}}
#' @references Examples at \url{https://yihui.org/animation/example/mwar-ani/}
#'
#' Robert A. Meyer, Jr. Estimating coefficients that change over
#' time. \emph{International Economic Review}, 13(3):705-710, 1972.
#'
#' @export
mwar.ani = function(
x, k = 15, conf = 2, mat = matrix(1:2, 2), widths = rep(1, ncol(mat)),
heights = rep(1, nrow(mat)), lty.rect = 2, ...
) {
nmax = ani.options('nmax')
if (missing(x))
x = sin(seq(0, 2 * pi, length = 50)) + rnorm(50, sd = 0.2)
n = length(x)
if (k > n)
stop('The window width k must be smaller than the length of x!')
idx = matrix(1:k, nrow = k, ncol = n - k + 1) +
matrix(rep(0:(n - k), each = k), nrow = k, ncol = n - k + 1)
phi = se = numeric(ncol(idx))
j = 1
for (i in 1:ncol(idx)) {
if (j > nmax)
break
fit = arima(x[idx[, i]], order = c(1, 0, 0))
phi[i] = coef(fit)['ar1']
se[i] = sqrt(vcov(fit)[1, 1])
j = j + 1
}
layout(mat, widths, heights)
U = phi + conf * se
L = phi - conf * se
j = 1
minx = maxx = NULL
for (i in 1:ncol(idx)) {
if (j > nmax) break
dev.hold()
plot(x, xlab = '', ylab = 'Original data')
minx = c(minx, min(x[idx[, i]]))
maxx = c(maxx, max(x[idx[, i]]))
rect(1:i, minx, k:(i + k - 1), maxx, lty = lty.rect, border = 1:i)
plot(x, xlim = c(1, n), ylim = range(c(U, L), na.rm = TRUE),
type = 'n', ylab = 'AR(1) coefficient', xlab = '')
arrows(1:i + k/2 - 0.5, L[1:i], 1:i + k/2 - 0.5, U[1:i], angle = 90, code = 3,
length = par('din')[1]/n * 0.4, col = 1:i)
points(1:i + k/2 - 0.5, phi[1:i], ...)
ani.pause()
j = j + 1
}
invisible(list(phi = phi, lower = L, upper = U))
}
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