gg_varpro: Variable importance data from a varPro model

In ggRandomForests: Visually Exploring Random Forests

Variable importance data from a varPro model

Description

Pulls the per-tree importance scores out of a fitted varpro object and summarises them into a data structure the plot method can draw as a boxplot. The box hinges are the 15th and 85th percentiles and the whiskers run to the 5th and 95th – not the usual Tukey 1.5 IQR whiskers. For a classification forest you can also keep the class-conditional importances.

Usage

gg_varpro(
  object,
  local.std = TRUE,
  cutoff = 0.79,
  faithful = FALSE,
  conditional = FALSE,
  nvar = NULL,
  ...
)

Arguments

object	A fitted varpro object (required).
local.std	Logical; default TRUE. When TRUE the per-tree importances are put on the z-scale before the box statistics are computed. Set it FALSE to keep the raw importance scale, which is what type = "raw" in plot.gg_varpro needs.
cutoff	Numeric; the z-score above which a variable is treated as selected. Default 0.79. A variable with aggregate z above the cutoff is flagged selected = TRUE in $imp.
faithful	Logical; default FALSE. When TRUE, $imp.tree is kept so plot.gg_varpro can scatter the per-tree points over the box.
conditional	Logical; default FALSE. When TRUE, and only for a classification forest, the $conditional.z matrix is extracted and stored as $conditional.
nvar	Integer; keep only the top nvar variables, ranked by median per-tree z, after the cutoff filter has been applied. NULL keeps all of them.
...	Additional arguments passed to varPro::importance().

Value

A named list of class "gg_varpro" with elements:

$imp

Summary data frame: variable (factor whose levels run least- to most-important by median per-tree z, so the most-important variable sits at the top of the plot after coord_flip), z (aggregate z-score from importance()), selected (logical, z > cutoff).

$imp.tree

NULL when faithful = FALSE; otherwise an ntree x p matrix of per-tree importance values.

$stats

Per-variable summary: variable, median, q05, q15, q85, q95 (on z-scale when local.std = TRUE, raw when FALSE), plus mean (raw importance mean, always stored).

$conditional

NULL when conditional = FALSE; otherwise a data frame with columns variable, class, z (one row per variable x class combination).

A "provenance" attribute carries family, local.std, cutoff, faithful, conditional, xvar.names, and n.

What varpro is doing

Permutation importance asks "what happens to OOB accuracy when I scramble this variable?" That works, but it leans on artificial data (the permuted column) and the answer can be unstable when variables are correlated. The varpro framework (Lu and Ishwaran, 2024) replaces permutation with release rules. The forest is grown with guided splitting; from a subset of trees varpro samples a collection of decision-rule branches; for each variable it then compares the response inside the rule's region to the response after the rule's constraint on that variable is "released". The size of that change, aggregated over many rules and trees, is the variable's importance. No synthetic covariates, no permutation: the contrast is between two real subsets of the data.

Because varpro builds importance from rules sampled over trees, every tree contributes its own importance value for each variable. Those are the per-tree scores we summarise here. With local.std = TRUE (the default) the per-tree values are standardised by their column standard deviation so the column mean equals the aggregate z-score returned by varPro::importance(); that z-score is the canonical "is this variable in or out?" statistic, and cutoff = 0.79 is varpro's default selection threshold.

For a classification forest, varpro also returns a class-conditional z table: the same importance computed restricting attention to rules relevant to each class. conditional = TRUE keeps that table so the plot method can show which variables matter for which class rather than only in aggregate.

What's in the output

$imp is the one-row-per-variable summary: aggregate z from varPro::importance(), plus a selected flag for z > cutoff. $stats holds the box quantiles (5/15/50/85/95 percentiles, plus the raw mean) computed from the per-tree matrix; these are what the boxplot draws. $imp.tree is the per-tree matrix itself, kept only when faithful = TRUE so the plot method can scatter individual tree values over the box. $conditional is the tidy class x variable z table, present only when conditional = TRUE and the family is classification.

What you use this for

• rank candidate variables by importance and pick a working set above varpro's z cutoff;

• see, via the boxplot's spread and the per-tree points (faithful = TRUE), how stable each variable's importance is across trees: a high median with a wide box is a different story from a high median with a tight box;

• for a classification forest, ask which variables drive which class (conditional = TRUE) rather than just which variables drive the model overall.

The z-score is a standardised ranking statistic, not a p-value or a probability. Two variables with the same z are "similarly important by this method", not "equally likely to be true signal". For a data-driven cutoff rather than the 0.79 default, see varPro::cv.varpro.

References

Lu, M. and Ishwaran, H. (2024). Model-independent variable selection via the rule-based variable priority framework. arXiv preprint arXiv:2409.09003.

See Also

plot.gg_varpro, gg_vimp

Examples

set.seed(42)
vp <- varPro::varpro(mpg ~ ., data = mtcars, ntree = 50)
gg <- gg_varpro(vp)
print(gg)
plot(gg)

ggRandomForests documentation built on June 13, 2026, 5:07 p.m.