Nothing
R/data.R
In httk: High-Throughput Toxicokinetics
#This file is used by roxygen2 to generate man files (documentation) for data
#sets included in the package.
#'Reference tissue masses and flows from tables in McNally et al. 2014.
#'
#'Reference tissue masses, flows, and residual variance distributions from
#'Tables 1, 4, and 5 of McNally et al. 2014.
#'
#'@format A data.table with variables: \describe{\item{\code{tissue}}{Body
#' tissue} \item{\code{gender}}{Gender: Male or Female}
#' \item{\code{mass_ref}}{Reference mass in kg, from Reference Man}
#' \item{\code{mass_cv}}{Coefficient of variation for mass}
#' \item{\code{mass_dist}}{Distribution for mass: Normal or Log-normal}
#' \item{\code{flow_ref}}{Reference flow in L/h, from Reference Man}
#' \item{\code{flow_cv}}{Coefficient of variation for flow (all normally
#' distributed)} \item{\code{height_ref}}{Reference heights (by gender)}
#' \item{\code{CO_ref}}{Reference cardiac output by gender}
#' \item{\code{flow_frac}}{Fraction of CO flowing to each tissue:
#' \code{flow_ref}/\code{CO_ref}}}
#'@source McNally K, Cotton R, Hogg A, Loizou G. "PopGen: A virtual human
#' population generator." Toxicology 315, 70-85, 2004.
#'@keywords data
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"mcnally_dt"
#' A timestamp of table creation
#'
#' The Tables.RData file is separately created as part of building a new
#' release of HTTK. This time stamp indicates the script used to build the file
#' and when it was run.
#'
#' @author John Wambaugh
"Tables.Rdata.stamp"
#' Reference for EPA Physico-Chemical Data
#'
#' The physico-chemical data in the chem.phys_and_invitro.data table are
#' obtained from EPA's Comptox Chemicals dashboard. This variable indicates
#' the date the Dashboard was accessed.
#' @source \url{https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard}
#'
#' @author John Wambaugh
"EPA.ref"
#'Pre-processed NHANES data.
#'
#'NHANES data on demographics, anthropometrics, and some laboratory measures,
#'cleaned and combined into a single data set.
#'
#'@format A data.table with 23620 rows and 12
#' variables. \describe{ \item{seqn}{NHANES unique identifier for individual
#' respondents.} \item{sddsrvyr}{NHANES two-year cycle: one of "NHANES
#' 2013-2014", "NHANES 2015-2016", "NHANES 2017-2018".} \item{riagendr}{Gender:
#' "Male" or "Female"} \item{ridreth1}{Race/ethnicity category: one of "Mexican
#' American", "Non-Hispanic White", "Non-Hispanic Black", "Other", "Other
#' Hispanic".} \item{ridexagm}{Age in months at the time of examination (if not
#' recorded by NHANES, it was imputed based on age at the time of screening)}
#' \item{ridexagy}{Age in years at the time of examination (if not recorded by
#' NHANES, it was imputed based on age at the time of screening)}
#' \item{bmxwt}{Weight in kg} \item{lbxscr}{Serum creatinine, mg/dL}
#' \item{lbxhct}{Hematocrit, percent by volume of blood composed of red blood
#' cells} \item{\code{wtmec6yr}}{6-year sample weights for combining 3 cycles,
#' computed by dividing 2-year sample weights by 3.}
#' \item{\code{bmxhtlenavg}}{Average of height and recumbent length if both
#' were measured; if only one was measured, takes value of the one that was
#' measured.} \item{\code{weight_class}}{One of Underweight, Normal,
#' Overweight, or Obese. Assigned using methods in
#' \code{\link{get_weight_class}}.} }
#'
#'@source \url{https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/Default.aspx}
#'
#'@keywords data
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"mecdt"
#'CDC BMI-for-age charts
#'
#'Charts giving the BMI-for-age percentiles for boys and girls ages 2-18
#'
#'For children ages 2 to 18, weight class depends on the BMI-for-age percentile.
#'\describe{
#'\item{Underweight}{<5th percentile}
#'\item{Normal weight}{5th-85th percentile}
#'\item{Overweight}{85th-95th percentile}
#'\item{Obese}{>=95th percentile}
#'}
#'
#' @format A data.table with 434 rows and 5 variables: \describe{
#' \item{Sex}{Female or Male} \item{Agemos}{Age in months} \item{P5}{The 5th
#' percentile BMI for the corresponding sex and age} \item{P85}{The 85th
#' percentile BMI for the corresponding sex and age} \item{P95}{The 95th
#' percentile BMI for the corresponding sex and age} }
#' @source \url{https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/zscore/bmiagerev.csv}
#'
#'@keywords data
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#'environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability." Environment
#'International 106 (2017): 105-118
"bmiage"
#'WHO weight-for-length charts
#'
#'Charts giving weight-for-length percentiles for boys and girls under age 2.
#'
#'For infants under age 2, weight class depends on weight for length percentile.
#'#'\describe{ \item{Underweight}{<2.3rd percentile} \item{Normal
#'weight}{2.3rd-97.7th percentile} \item{Obese}{>=97.7th percentile} }
#'
#'@format a data.table with 262 rows and 4 variables:
#'
#' \describe{ \item{Sex}{"Male" or "Female"} \item{Length}{Recumbent length in
#' cm} \item{P2.3}{The 2.3rd percentile weight in kg for the corresponding sex
#' and recumbent length} \item{P97.7}{The 97.7th percentile weight in kg for
#' the corresponding sex and recumbent length}}
#'
#'@source
#'\url{https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/who/boys_weight_head_circumference.htm}
#'and
#'\url{https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/who/girls_weight_head_circumference.htm}
"wfl"
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#'environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability." Environment
#'International 106 (2017): 105-118
"wfl"
#'KDE bandwidth for residual variability in height/weight
#'
#'Bandwidths used for a two-dimensional kernel density estimation of the joint
#'distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of height vs. age
#'and weight vs. age for NHANES respondents in each of ten combinations of sex
#'and race/ethnicity categories.
#'
#'Each matrix is a variance-covariance matrix for a two-dimensional normal
#'distribution: this is the bandwidth to be used for a two-dimensional kernel
#'density estimation (KDE) (using a two-dimensional normal kernel) of the joint
#'distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of height vs. age
#'and weight vs. age for NHANES respondents in the specified sex and
#'race/ethnicity category. Optimal bandwidths were pre-calculated by doing the
#'smoothing spline fits, getting the residuals, then calling
#'\code{\link[ks]{kde}} on the residuals (which calls \code{\link[ks]{Hpi}} to
#'compute the plug-in bandwidth).
#'
#'Used by HTTK-Pop only in "virtual individuals" mode (i.e.
#'\code{\link{httkpop_generate}} with \code{method = "v"}), in
#'\code{\link{gen_height_weight}}.
#'
#'@format A named list with 10 elements, each a matrix with 2 rows and 2
#' columns. Each list element corresponds to, and is named for, one combination
#' of NHANES sex categories (Male and Female) and NHANES race/ethnicity
#' categories (Mexican American, Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White,
#' Non-Hispanic Black, and Other).
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"hw_H"
#'KDE bandwidths for residual variability in hematocrit
#'
#'Bandwidths used for a one-dimensional kernel density estimation of the
#'distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of hematocrit vs.
#'age for NHANES respondents in each of ten combinations of sex and
#'race/ethnicity categories.
#'
#'Each matrix is the standard deviation for a normal distribution: this is the
#'bandwidth to be used for a kernel density estimation (KDE) (using a normal
#'kernel) of the distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of
#'hematocrit vs. age for NHANES respondents in the specified sex and
#'race/ethnicity category. Optimal bandwidths were pre-calculated by doing the
#'smoothing spline fits, getting the residuals, then calling
#'\code{\link[ks]{kde}} on the residuals (which calls \code{\link[ks]{hpi}} to
#'compute the plug-in bandwidth).
#'
#'Used by HTTK-Pop only in "virtual individuals" mode (i.e.
#'\code{\link{httkpop_generate}} with \code{method = "v"}), in
#'\code{\link{estimate_hematocrit}}.
#'
#'@format A named list with 10 elements, each a numeric value. Each list element
#' corresponds to, and is named for, one combination of NHANES sex categories
#' (Male and Female) and NHANES race/ethnicity categories (Mexican American,
#' Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Other).
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"hct_h"
#'KDE bandwidths for residual variability in serum creatinine
#'
#'Bandwidths used for a one-dimensional kernel density estimation of the
#'distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of serum
#'creatinine vs. age for NHANES respondents in each of ten combinations of sex
#'and race/ethnicity categories.
#'
#'Each matrix is the standard deviation for a normal distribution: this is the
#'bandwidth to be used for a kernel density estimation (KDE) (using a normal
#'kernel) of the distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of
#'serum creatinine vs. age for NHANES respondents in the specified sex and
#'race/ethnicity category. Optimal bandwidths were pre-calculated by doing the
#'smoothing spline fits, getting the residuals, then calling
#'\code{\link[ks]{kde}} on the residuals (which calls \code{\link[ks]{hpi}} to
#'compute the plug-in bandwidth).
#'
#'Used by HTTK-Pop only in "virtual individuals" mode (i.e.
#'\code{\link{httkpop_generate}} with \code{method = "v"}), in
#'\code{\link{gen_serum_creatinine}}.
#'
#'@format A named list with 10 elements, each a numeric value. Each list element
#' corresponds to, and is named for, one combination of NHANES sex categories
#' (Male and Female) and NHANES race/ethnicity categories (Mexican American,
#' Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Other).
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"scr_h"
#' Microtiter Plate Well Descriptions for Armitage et al. (2014) Model
#'
#' Microtiter Plate Well Descriptions for Armitage et al. (2014) model from
#' Honda et al. (2019)
#'
#' @format A data frame / data table with 11 rows and 8 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{sysID}{Identifier for each multi-well plate system}
#' \item{well_desc}{Well description}
#' \item{well_number}{Number of wells on plate}
#' \item{area_bottom}{Area of well bottom in mm^2}
#' \item{cell_yield}{Number of cells}
#' \item{diam}{Diameter of well in mm}
#' \item{v_total}{Total volume of well in uL)}
#' \item{v_working}{Working volume of well in uL}
#' }
#'
#' @source \url{https://www.corning.com/catalog/cls/documents/application-notes/CLS-AN-209.pdf}
#'
#' @keywords data
#'
#' @author Greg Honda
#'
#' @references Armitage, J. M.; Wania, F.; Arnot, J. A. Environ. Sci. Technol.
#'2014, 48, 9770-9779. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501955g
#' @references Honda, Gregory S., et al. "Using the Concordance of In Vitro and
#'In Vivo Data to Evaluate Extrapolation Assumptions", PloS ONE 14.5 (2019): e0217564.
"well_param"
#' Armitage et al. (2014) Model Inputs from Honda et al. (2019)
#'
#' @format A data frame with 53940 rows and 10 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{MP}{}
#' \item{MW}{}
#' \item{casrn}{}
#' \item{compound_name}{}
#' \item{gkaw}{}
#' \item{gkow}{}
#' \item{gswat}{}
#' }
#' @source \url{https://www.diamondse.info/}
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Greg Honda
#'
#'@references Armitage, J. M.; Wania, F.; Arnot, J. A. Environ. Sci. Technol.
#'2014, 48, 9770-9779. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501955g
#'@references Honda, Gregory S., et al. "Using the Concordance of In Vitro and
#'In Vivo Data to Evaluate Extrapolation Assumptions", PloS ONE 14.5 (2019): e0217564.
"armitage_input"
#' DRUGS|NORMAN: Pharmaceutical List with EU, Swiss, US Consumption Data
#'
#' SWISSPHARMA is a list of pharmaceuticals with consumption data from
#' Switzerland, France, Germany and the USA, used for a suspect
#' screening/exposure modelling approach described in
#' Singer et al 2016, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03332. The original data is
#' available on the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange.
#'
#'@source \url{https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical_lists/swisspharma}
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"pharma"
#' in vitro Toxicokinetic Data from Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#' These data are the new HTTK in vitro data for chemicals reported in Wambaugh
#' et al. (2019) They
#' are the processed values used to make the figures in that manuscript.
#' These data summarize the results of Bayesian analysis of the in vitro
#' toxicokinetic experiments conducted by Cyprotex to characterize fraction
#' unbound in the presence of pooled human plasma protein and the intrnsic
#' hepatic clearance of the chemical by pooled human hepatocytes.
#'
#' @format A data frame with 496 rows and 17 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{Compound}{The name of the chemical}
#' \item{CAS}{The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number}
#' \item{Human.Clint}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for intrinsic
#' hepatic clearance (uL/min/million hepatocytes)]}
#' \item{Human.Clint.pValue}{Probability that there is no clearance}
#' \item{Human.Funbound.plasma}{Median of Bayesian credibl interval for
#' fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{pKa_Accept}{pH(s) at which hydrogen acceptor sites (if any) are at
#' equilibrium}
#' \item{pKa_Donor}{pH(s) at which hydrogne donor sites (if any) are at
#' equilibrium}
#' \item{DSSTox_Substance_Id}{Identifier for CompTox Chemical Dashboard}
#' \item{SMILES}{Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System structure
#' description}
#' \item{Human.Clint.Low95}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{Human.Clint.High95}{Uppper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{Human.Clint.Point}{Point estimate of intrinsic hepatic clearance
#' (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{Human.Funbound.plasma.Low95}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{Human.Funbound.plasma.High95}{Upper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{Human.Funbound.plasma.Point}{Point estimate of the fraction of
#' chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{MW}{Molecular weight (Daltons)}
#' \item{logP}{log base ten of octanol:water partiion coefficient}
#' }
#' @source Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author John Wambaugh
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"wambaugh2019"
#' Published toxicokinetic time course measurements
#'
#' This data set includes time and dose specific measurements of chemical
#' concentration in tissues taken from animals administered control doses of
#' the chemicals either orally or intravenously. This plasma concentration-time
#' data is from rat experiments reported in public sources. Toxicokinetic data
#' were retrieved from those studies by the Netherlands Organisation for
#' Applied Scientific Research (TNO) using curve stripping (TechDig v2). This
#' data is provided for statistical analysis as in Wambaugh et al. 2018.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 597 rows and 13 columns.
#' @author Sieto Bosgra
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#' PMID: 10772639
#'
#' Timchalk C, Nolan RJ, Mendrala AL, Dittenber DA, Brzak KA, Mattsson JL
#' (2002). A Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
#' (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and
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#'
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#' nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in mice, rats,
#' rabbits and dogs. Xenobiotica 18(1):21-8. PMID: 3354229
#'
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#' anion transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic uptake is the major
#' determinant in the pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and
#' cyclosporin A in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 308(3):1121-9. PMID:
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#' metabolism of diltiazem in rats following a single intra-arterial or single
#' oral dose. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 19(4):369-73. PMID: 7737239
#'
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#'
#' Wang Y, Roy A, Sun L, Lau CE (1999). A double-peak phenomenon in the
#' pharmacokinetics of alprazolam after oral administration. Drug Metab Dispos.
#' 27(8):855-9. PMID: 10421610
#'
#' Wang X, Lee WY, Or PM, Yeung JH (2010). Pharmacokinetic interaction studies
#' of tanshinones with tolbutamide, a model CYP2C11 probe substrate, using
#' liver microsomes, primary hepatocytes and in vivo in the rat. Phytomedicine.
#' 17(3-4):203-11. PMID: 19679455
#'
#' Yang SH, Lee MG (2008). Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in
#' rats: contribution of hepatic and intestinal first-pass effects to low
#' bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 29(7):414-26. PMID: 18697186
#'
#' Yeung PK, Alcos A, Tang J (2009). Pharmacokinetics and Hemodynamic Effects
#' of Diltiazem in Rats Following Single vs Multiple Doses In Vivo. Open Drug
#' Metab J. 3:56-62.
#' @source Wambaugh et al. 2018 Toxicological Sciences, in press
#' @keywords data
"chem.invivo.PK.data"
#' Summary of published toxicokinetic time course experiments
#'
#' This data set summarizes the time course data in the chem.invivo.PK.data
#' table. Maximum concentration (Cmax), time integrated plasma concentration
#' for the duration of treatment (AUC.treatment) and extrapolated to zero
#' concentration (AUC.infinity) as well as half-life are calculated. Summary
#' values are given for each study and dosage. These data can be used to
#' evaluate toxicokinetic model predictions.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 100 rows and 25 columns.
#' @author John Wambaugh
#' @references Aanderud L, Bakke OM (1983). Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine,
#' paracetamol, and morphine in rat at 71 ATA. Undersea Biomed Res.
#' 10(3):193-201. PMID: 6636344
#'
#' Aasmoe L, Mathiesen M, Sager G (1999). Elimination of methoxyacetic acid and
#' ethoxyacetic acid in rat. Xenobiotica. 29(4):417-24. PMID: 10375010
#'
#' Ako RA. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of oral diethylstilbestrol
#' (DES) in recurrent prostate cancer patients and of oral dissolving film
#' (ODF)-DES in rats. PhD dissertation, College of Pharmacy, University of
#' Houston, USA, 2011.
#'
#' Anadon A, Martinez-Larranaga MR, Fernandez-Cruz ML, Diaz MJ, Fernandez MC,
#' Martinez MA (1996). Toxicokinetics of deltamethrin and its 4'-HO-metabolite
#' in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 141(1):8-16. PMID: 8917670
#'
#' Binkerd PE, Rowland JM, Nau H, Hendrickx AG (1988). Evaluation of valproic
#' acid (VPA) developmental toxicity and pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley
#' rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 11(3):485-93. PMID: 3146521
#'
#' Boralli VB, Coelho EB, Cerqueira PM, Lanchote VL (2005). Stereoselective
#' analysis of metoprolol and its metabolites in rat plasma with application to
#' oxidative metabolism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.
#' 823(2):195-202. PMID: 16029965
#'
#' Chan MP, Morisawa S, Nakayama A, Kawamoto Y, Sugimoto M, Yoneda M (2005).
#' Toxicokinetics of 14C-endosulfan in male Sprague-Dawley rats following oral
#' administration of single or repeated doses. Environ Toxicol. 20(5):533-41.
#' PMID: 16161119
#'
#' Cruz L, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Flores-Murrieta FJ, Garcia-Lopez P,
#' Guizar-Sahagun G (2002). Alteration of phenacetin pharmacokinetics after
#' experimental spinal cord injury. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 45:4-5. PMID:
#' 12434508
#'
#' Della Paschoa OE, Mandema JW, Voskuyl RA, Danhof M (1998).
#' Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the anticonvulsant and
#' electroencephalogram effects of phenytoin in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
#' 284(2):460-6. PMID: 9454785
#'
#' Du B, Li X, Yu Q, A Y, Chen C (2010). Pharmacokinetic comparison of orally
#' disintegrating, beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and conventional tablets
#' of nicardipine in rats. Life Sci J. 7(2):80-4.
#'
#' Farris FF, Dedrick RL, Allen PV, Smith JC (1993). Physiological model for
#' the pharmacokinetics of methyl mercury in the growing rat. Toxicol Appl
#' Pharmacol. 119(1):74-90. PMID: 8470126
#'
#' Hays SM, Elswick BA, Blumenthal GM, Welsch F, Conolly RB, Gargas ML (2000).
#' Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of
#' 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid disposition in pregnant rats.
#' Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 163(1):67-74. PMID: 10662606
#'
#' Igari Y, Sugiyama Y, Awazu S, Hanano M (1982). Comparative physiologically
#' based pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital, phenobarbital and thiopental in the
#' rat. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 10(1):53-75. PMID: 7069578
#'
#' Ito K, Houston JB (2004). Comparison of the use of liver models for
#' predicting drug clearance using in vitro kinetic data from hepatic
#' microsomes and isolated hepatocytes. Pharm Res. 21(5):785-92. PMID: 15180335
#'
#' Jia L, Wong H, Wang Y, Garza M, Weitman SD (2003). Carbendazim: disposition,
#' cellular permeability, metabolite identification, and pharmacokinetic
#' comparison with its nanoparticle. J Pharm Sci. 92(1):161-72. PMID: 12486692
#'
#' Kawai R, Mathew D, Tanaka C, Rowland M (1998). Physiologically based
#' pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A: extension to tissue distribution
#' kinetics in rats and scale-up to human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 287(2):457-68.
#' PMID: 9808668
#'
#' Kim YC, Kang HE, Lee MG (2008). Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and its
#' metabolite, 4'-HPPH, after intravenous and oral administration of phenytoin
#' to diabetic rats induced by alloxan or streptozotocin. Biopharm Drug Dispos.
#' 29(1):51-61. PMID: 18022993
#'
#' Kobayashi S, Takai K, Iga T, Hanano M (1991). Pharmacokinetic analysis of
#' the disposition of valproate in pregnant rats. Drug Metab Dispos.
#' 19(5):972-6. PMID: 1686245
#'
#' Kotegawa T, Laurijssens BE, Von Moltke LL, Cotreau MM, Perloff MD,
#' Venkatakrishnan K, Warrington JS, Granda BW, Harmatz JS, Greenblatt DJ
#' (2002). In vitro, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic interactions of
#' ketoconazole and midazolam in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 302(3):1228-37.
#' PMID: 12183684
#'
#' Krug AK, Kolde R, Gaspar JA, Rempel E, Balmer NV, Meganathan K, Vojnits K,
#' Baquie M, Waldmann T, Ensenat-Waser R, Jagtap S, Evans RM, Julien S,
#' Peterson H, Zagoura D, Kadereit S, Gerhard D, Sotiriadou I, Heke M,
#' Natarajan K, Henry M, Winkler J, Marchan R, Stoppini L, Bosgra S, Westerhout
#' J, Verwei M, Vilo J, Kortenkamp A, Hescheler J, Hothorn L, Bremer S, van
#' Thriel C, Krause KH, Hengstler JG, Rahnenfuhrer J, Leist M, Sachinidis A
#' (2013). Human embryonic stem cell-derived test systems for developmental
#' neurotoxicity: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol. 87(1):123-43. PMID:
#' 23179753
#'
#' Leon-Reyes MR, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Ortiz MI (2009). Pharmacokinetic of
#' diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. J Pharm
#' Pharm Sci. 12(3):280-7. PMID: 20067705
#'
#' Nagata M, Hidaka M, Sekiya H, Kawano Y, Yamasaki K, Okumura M, Arimori K
#' (2007). Effects of pomegranate juice on human cytochrome P450 2C9 and
#' tolbutamide pharmacokinetics in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 35(2):302-5. PMID:
#' 17132763
#'
#' Okiyama M, Ueno K, Ohmori S, Igarashi T, Kitagawa H (1988). Drug
#' interactions between imipramine and benzodiazepines in rats. J Pharm Sci.
#' 77(1):56-63. PMID: 2894451
#'
#' Pelissier-Alicot AL, Schreiber-Deturmeny E, Simon N, Gantenbein M,
#' Bruguerolle B (2002). Time-of-day dependent pharmacodynamic and
#' pharmacokinetic profiles of caffeine in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
#' Pharmacol. 365(4):318-25. PMID: 11919657
#'
#' Piersma AH, Bosgra S, van Duursen MB, Hermsen SA, Jonker LR, Kroese ED, van
#' der Linden SC, Man H, Roelofs MJ, Schulpen SH, Schwarz M, Uibel F, van
#' Vugt-Lussenburg BM, Westerhout J, Wolterbeek AP, van der Burg B (2013).
#' Evaluation of an alternative in vitro test battery for detecting
#' reproductive toxicants. Reprod Toxicol. 38:53-64. PMID: 23511061
#'
#' Pollack GM, Li RC, Ermer JC, Shen DD (1985). Effects of route of
#' administration and repetitive dosing on the disposition kinetics of
#' di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its mono-de-esterified metabolite in rats.
#' Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Jun 30;79(2):246-56. PMID: 4002226
#'
#' Saadeddin A, Torres-Molina F, Carcel-Trullols J, Araico A, Peris JE (2004).
#' Pharmacokinetics of the time-dependent elimination of all-trans-retinoic
#' acid in rats. AAPS J. 6(1):1-9. PMID: 18465253
#'
#' Satterwhite JH, Boudinot FD (1991). Effects of age and dose on the
#' pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 19(1):61-7.
#' PMID: 1673423
#'
#' Szymura-Oleksiak J, Panas M, Chrusciel W (1983). Pharmacokinetics of
#' imipramine after single and multiple intravenous administration in rats. Pol
#' J Pharmacol Pharm. 35(2):151-7. PMID: 6622297
#'
#' Tanaka C, Kawai R, Rowland M (2000). Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of
#' cyclosporin A in rats: events in tissues. Drug Metab Dispos. 28(5):582-9.
#' PMID: 10772639
#'
#' Timchalk C, Nolan RJ, Mendrala AL, Dittenber DA, Brzak KA, Mattsson JL
#' (2002). A Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
#' (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and
#' humans. Toxicol Sci. Mar;66(1):34-53. PMID: 11861971
#'
#' Tokuma Y, Sekiguchi M, Niwa T, Noguchi H (1988). Pharmacokinetics of
#' nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in mice, rats,
#' rabbits and dogs. Xenobiotica 18(1):21-8. PMID: 3354229
#'
#' Treiber A, Schneiter R, Delahaye S, Clozel M (2004). Inhibition of organic
#' anion transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic uptake is the major
#' determinant in the pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and
#' cyclosporin A in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 308(3):1121-9. PMID:
#' 14617681
#'
#' Tsui BC, Feng JD, Buckley SJ, Yeung PK (1994). Pharmacokinetics and
#' metabolism of diltiazem in rats following a single intra-arterial or single
#' oral dose. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 19(4):369-73. PMID: 7737239
#'
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#'
#' Wang Y, Roy A, Sun L, Lau CE (1999). A double-peak phenomenon in the
#' pharmacokinetics of alprazolam after oral administration. Drug Metab Dispos.
#' 27(8):855-9. PMID: 10421610
#'
#' Wang X, Lee WY, Or PM, Yeung JH (2010). Pharmacokinetic interaction studies
#' of tanshinones with tolbutamide, a model CYP2C11 probe substrate, using
#' liver microsomes, primary hepatocytes and in vivo in the rat. Phytomedicine.
#' 17(3-4):203-11. PMID: 19679455
#'
#' Yang SH, Lee MG (2008). Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in
#' rats: contribution of hepatic and intestinal first-pass effects to low
#' bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 29(7):414-26. PMID: 18697186
#'
#' Yeung PK, Alcos A, Tang J (2009). Pharmacokinetics and Hemodynamic Effects
#' of Diltiazem in Rats Following Single vs Multiple Doses In Vivo. Open Drug
#' Metab J. 3:56-62.
#' @source Wambaugh et al. 2018 Toxicological Sciences, in press
#' @keywords data
"chem.invivo.PK.summary.data"
#' Parameter Estimates from Wambaugh et al. (2018)
#'
#' This table includes 1 and 2 compartment fits of plasma concentration vs time
#' data aggregated from chem.invivo.PK.data, performed in Wambaugh et al. 2018.
#' Data includes volume of distribution (Vdist, L/kg), elimination rate (kelim,
#' 1/h), gut absorption rate (kgutabs, 1/h), fraction absorbed (Fgutabs), and
#' steady state concentration (Css, mg/L).
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @author John Wambaugh
#' @source Wambaugh et al. 2018 Toxicological Sciences, in press
#' @keywords data
"chem.invivo.PK.aggregate.data"
#' Raw Bayesian in vitro Toxicokinetic Data Analysis from Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#' These data are the new HTTK in vitro data for chemicals reported in Wambaugh
#' et al. (2019) They
#' are the output of different Bayesian models evaluated to compare using a
#' single protein concentration vs. the new three concentration titration
#' protocol. These data summarize the results of Bayesian analysis of the in vitro
#' toxicokinetic experiments conducted by Cyprotex to characterize fraction
#' unbound in the presence of pooled human plasma protein and the intrnsic
#' hepatic clearance of the chemical by pooled human hepatocytes.
#' This file includes replicates (diferent CompoundName id's but same chemical')
#'
#' @format A data frame with 530 rows and 28 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{DTXSID}{Identifier for CompTox Chemical Dashboard}
#' \item{Name}{The name of the chemical}
#' \item{CAS}{The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number}
#' \item{CompoundName}{Sample name provided by EPA to Cyprotex}
#' \item{Fup.point}{Point estimate of the fraction of
#' chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{Base.Fup.Med}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for
#' fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of 100%
#' physiological plasma protein data only (base model)}
#' \item{Base.Fup.Low}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of 100%
#' physiological plasma protein data only (base model)}
#' \item{Base.Fup.High}{Upper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of 100%
#' physiological plasma protein data only (base model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Fup.Med}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for
#' fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Fup.Low}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Fup.High}{Upper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Kd.Med}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for
#' protein binding affinity from analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Kd.Low}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for protein binding affinity from analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Kd.High}{Upper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for protein binding affinity from analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Decreases.Prob}{Probability that the chemical concentration decreased
#' systematiclally during hepatic clearance assay.}
#' \item{Saturates.Prob}{Probability that the rate of chemical concentration
#' decrease varied between the 1 and 10 uM hepatic clearance experiments.}
#' \item{Slope.1uM.Median}{Estimated slope for chemcial concentration decrease
#' in the 1 uM hepatic clearance assay.}
#' \item{Slope.10uM.Median}{Estimated slope for chemcial concentration decrease
#' in the 10 uM hepatic clearance assay.}
#' \item{CLint.1uM.Median}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for intrinsic
#' hepatic clearance at 1 uM initital chemical concentration (uL/min/million hepatocytes)]}
#' \item{CLint.1uM.Low95th}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance at 1 uM initital chemical
#' concentration (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{CLint.1uM.High95th}{Uppper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance at 1 uM initital chemical
#' concentration(uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{CLint.10uM.Median}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for intrinsic
#' hepatic clearance at 10 uM initital chemical concentration (uL/min/million hepatocytes)]}
#' \item{CLint.10uM.Low95th}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance at 10 uM initital chemical
#' concentration (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{CLint.10uM.High95th}{Uppper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance at 10 uM initital chemical
#' concentration(uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{CLint.1uM.Point}{Point estimate of intrinsic hepatic clearance
#' (uL/min/million hepatocytes) for 1 uM initial chemical concentration}
#' \item{CLint.10uM.Point}{Point estimate of intrinsic hepatic clearance
#' (uL/min/million hepatocytes) for 10 uM initial chemical concentration}
#' \item{Fit}{Classification of clearance observed}
#' \item{SMILES}{Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System structure
#' description}
#' }
#' @source Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author John Wambaugh
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"wambaugh2019.raw"
#' NHANES Chemical Intake Rates for chemicals in Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#' These data are a subset of the Bayesian inferrences reported by Ring et al.
#' (2017) from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
#' National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). They reflect the
#' populaton median intake rate (mg/kg body weight/day), with uncertainty.
#'
#' @format A data frame with 20 rows and 4 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{lP}{The median of the Bayesian credible interval for median population
#' intake rate (mg/kg bodyweight/day)}
#' \item{lP.min}{The lower 95th percentile of the Bayesian credible interval for median population
#' intake rate (mg/kg bodyweight/day)}
#' \item{lP.max}{The upper 95th percentile of the Bayesian credible interval for median population
#' intake rate (mg/kg bodyweight/day)}
#' \item{CASRN}{The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number}
#' }
#' @source Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author John Wambaugh
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' evironmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability." Environment
#' international 106 (2017): 105-118
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"wambaugh2019.nhanes"
#' ExpoCast SEEM3 Consensus Exposure Model Predictions for Chemical Intake Rates
#'
#' These data are a subset of the Bayesian inferrences reported by Ring et al.
#' (2019) for a consensus model of twelve exposue predictors. The predictors
#' were calibrated based upon their ability to predict intake rates inferred
# 'from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
#' National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). They reflect the
#' populaton median intake rate (mg/kg body weight/day), with uncertainty.
#'
#' @format A data frame with 385 rows and 38 variables:
#' @source Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author John Wambaugh
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Consensus modeling of median chemical
#' intake for the US population based on predictions of exposure pathways."
#' Environmental science & technology 53.2 (2018): 719-732.
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"wambaugh2019.seem3"
#' Physico-chemical properties and in vitro measurements for toxicokinetics
#'
#' This data set contains the necessary information to make basic,
#' high-throughput toxicokinetic (HTTK) predictions for compounds, including
#' Funbound.plasma, molecular weight (g/mol), logP, logMA (membrane affinity),
#' intrinsic clearance(uL/min/10^6 cells), and pKa. These data have been
#' compiled from multiple sources, and can be used to parameterize a variety of
#' toxicokinetic models. See variable EPA.ref for information on the reference EPA.
#'
#' In some cases the rapid equilbrium dailysis method (Waters et al., 2008)
#' fails to yield detectable concentrations for the free fraction of chemical.
#' In those cases we assume the compound is highly bound (that is, Fup approaches
#' zero). For some calculations (for example, steady-state plasma concentration)
#' there is precendent (Rotroff et al., 2010) for using half the average limit
#' of detection, that is 0.005. We do not recomend using other models where
#' quantities like partition coefficients must be predicted using Fup. We also
#' do not recomend including the value 0.005 in training sets for Fup predictive
#' models.
#'
#' \strong{Note} that in some cases the \strong{Funbound.plasma} and the
#' \strong{intrinsic clearance} are
#' \emph{provided as a series of numbers separated by commas}. These values are the
#' result of Bayesian analysis and characterize a distribution: the first value
#' is the median of the distribution, while the second and third values are the
#' lower and upper 95th percentile (that is qunatile 2.5 and 97.5) respectively.
#' For intrinsic clearance a fourth value indicating a p-value for a decrease is
#' provided. Typically 4000 samples were used for the Bayesian analusis, such
#' that a p-value of "0" is equivale to "<0.00025". See Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#' for more details.
#'
#' Any one chemical compound \emph{may have multiple ionization equilibria}
#' (see Strope et al., 2018) may both for donating or accepting a proton (and
#' therefore changing charge state). If there are multiple equlibria of the same
#' type (donor/accept])the are concatonated by commas.
#'
#' All species-specific information is initially from experimental measurements.
#' The functions \code{\link{load_sipes2017}}, \code{\link{load_pradeep2020}},
#' and \code{\link{load_dawson2021}} may be used to add in silico, structure-based
#' predictions for many thousands of additional compounds to this table.
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 9411 rows and 54 columns.
#' \tabular{lll}{
#' \strong{Column Name} \tab \strong{Description} \tab \strong{Units} \cr
#' Compound \tab The preferred name of the chemical compound \tab none \cr
#' CAS\tab The preferred Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number \tab none \cr
#' CAS.Checksum \tab A logical indicating whether the CAS number is valid \tab none \cr
#' DTXSID \tab DSSTox Structure ID
#' (\url{http://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard}) \tab none \cr
#' Formula \tab The proportions of atoms within the chemical compound \tab none \cr
#' SMILES.desalt \tab The simplified molecular-input line-entry system
#' structure \tab none \cr
#' All.Compound.Names \tab All names of the chemical as they occured in the
#' data \tab none \cr
#' logHenry \tab The log10 Henry's law constant \tab
#' log10(atmosphers*m^3/mole) \cr
#' logHenry.Reference \tab Reference for Henry's law constant \tab \cr
#' logP \tab The log10 octanol:water partition coefficient (PC)\tab log10 unitless ratio \cr
#' logP.Reference \tab Reference for logPow \tab \cr
#' logPwa \tab The log10 water:air PC \tab log10 unitless ratio \cr
#' logPwa.Reference \tab Reference for logPwa \tab \cr
#' logMA \tab The log10 phospholipid:water PC or
#' "Membrane affinity" \tab unitless ratio \cr
#' logMA.Reference \tab Reference for membrane affinity \tab \cr #' logWSol \tab The log10 water solubility \tab log10(mole/L) \cr
#' logWSol.Reference \tab Reference for logWsol \tab \cr
#' MP \tab The chemical compound melting point \tab degrees Celsius \cr
#' MP.Reference \tab Reference for melting point \tab \cr
#' MW \tab The chemical compound molecular weight \tab g/mol \cr
#' MW.Reference \tab Reference for molecular weight \tab \cr
#' pKa_Accept \tab The hydrogen acceptor equilibria concentrations
#' \tab logarithm \cr
#' pKa_Accept.Reference \tab Reference for pKa_Accept \tab \cr
#' pKa_Donor \tab The hydrogen acceptor equilibria concentrations
#' \tab logarithm \cr
#' pKa_Donor.Reference \tab Reference for pKa_Donor \tab \cr
#' All.Species \tab All species for which data were available \tab none \cr
#' DTXSID.Reference \tab Reference for DTXSID \tab \cr
#' Formula.Reference \tab Reference for chemical formulat \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Clint \tab (Primary hepatocyte suspension)
#' intrinsic hepatic clearance \tab uL/min/10^6 hepatocytes \cr
#' [SPECIES].Clint.pValue \tab Probability that there is no clearance observed. \tab none \cr
#' [SPECIES].Clint.pValue.Ref \tab Reference for Clint pValue \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Clint.Reference \tab Reference for Clint \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Fgutabs \tab Fraction of chemical absorbed from the
#' gut \tab unitless fraction \cr
#' [SPECIES].Fgutabs.Reference \tab Reference for Fgutabs \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Funbound.plasma \tab Chemical fraction unbound in presence of
#' plasma proteins \tab unitless fraction \cr
#' [SPECIES].Funbound.plasma.Ref\tab Reference for Funbound.plasma \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Rblood2plasma \tab Chemical concentration blood to plasma ratio \tab unitless ratio \cr
#' [SPECIES].Rblood2plasma.Ref \tab Reference for Rblood2plasma \tab \cr
#' SMILES.desalt.Reference"\tab Reference for SMILES structure \tab \cr
#' Chemical.Class \tab All classes to which the chemical has been assigned \tab \cr
#' }
#' @author John Wambaugh
#'
#' @references CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (\url{http://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard})
#'
#' EPI Suite, https://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm
#'
#' Brown, Hayley S., Michael Griffin, and J. Brian Houston. "Evaluation of
#' cryopreserved human hepatocytes as an alternative in vitro system to
#' microsomes for the prediction of metabolic clearance." Drug metabolism and
#' disposition 35.2 (2007): 293-301.
#'
#' Gulden, Michael, et al. "Impact of protein binding on the availability and
#' cytotoxic potency of organochlorine pesticides and chlorophenols in vitro."
#' Toxicology 175.1-3 (2002): 201-213.
#'
#' Hilal, S., Karickhoff, S. and Carreira, L. (1995). A rigorous test for
#' SPARC's chemical reactivity models: Estimation of more than 4300 ionization
#' pKas. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 14(4), 348-355.
#'
#' Honda, G. S., Pearce, R. G., Pham, L. L., Setzer, R. W., Wetmore, B. A.,
#' Sipes, N. S., ... & Wambaugh, J. F. (2019). Using the concordance of in
#' vitro and in vivo data to evaluate extrapolation assumptions. PloS one,
#' 14(5), e0217564.
#'
#' Ito, K. and Houston, J. B. (2004). Comparison of the use of liver models for
#' predicting drug clearance using in vitro kinetic data from hepatic
#' microsomes and isolated hepatocytes. Pharm Res 21(5), 785-92.
#'
#' Jones, O. A., Voulvoulis, N. and Lester, J. N. (2002). Aquatic environmental
#' assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals. Water
#' research 36(20), 5013-22.
#'
#' Jones, Barry C., et al. "An investigation into the prediction of in vivo
#' clearance for a range of flavin-containing monooxygenase substrates."
#' Drug metabolism and disposition 45.10 (2017): 1060-1067.
#'
#' Lau, Y. Y., Sapidou, E., Cui, X., White, R. E. and Cheng, K. C. (2002).
#' Development of a novel in vitro model to predict hepatic clearance using
#' fresh, cryopreserved, and sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Drug Metabolism and
#' Disposition 30(12), 1446-54.
#'
#' Linakis, M. W., Sayre, R. R., Pearce, R. G., Sfeir, M. A., Sipes, N. S.,
#' Pangburn, H. A., ... & Wambaugh, J. F. (2020). Development and evaluation of
#' a high-throughput inhalation model for organic chemicals. Journal of
#' Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 1-12.
#'
#' Lombardo, F., Berellini, G., & Obach, R. S. (2018). Trend analysis of a
#' database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 1352 drug
#' compounds. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 46(11), 1466-1477.
#'
#' McGinnity, D. F., Soars, M. G., Urbanowicz, R. A. and Riley, R. J. (2004).
#' Evaluation of fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes as in vitro drug
#' metabolism tools for the prediction of metabolic clearance. Drug Metabolism
#' and Disposition 32(11), 1247-53, 10.1124/dmd.104.000026.
#'
#' Naritomi, Y., Terashita, S., Kagayama, A. and Sugiyama, Y. (2003). Utility
#' of Hepatocytes in Predicting Drug Metabolism: Comparison of Hepatic
#' Intrinsic Clearance in Rats and Humans in Vivo and in Vitro. Drug Metabolism
#' and Disposition 31(5), 580-588, 10.1124/dmd.31.5.580.
#'
#' Obach, R. S. (1999). Prediction of human clearance of twenty-nine drugs from
#' hepatic microsomal intrinsic clearance data: An examination of in vitro
#' half-life approach and nonspecific binding to microsomes. Drug Metabolism
#' and Disposition 27(11), 1350-9.
#'
#' Paini, Alicia; Cole, Thomas; Meinero, Maria; Carpi, Donatella; Deceuninck,
#' Pierre; Macko, Peter; Palosaari, Taina; Sund, Jukka; Worth, Andrew; Whelan,
#' Maurice (2020): EURL ECVAM in vitro hepatocyte clearance and blood plasma
#' protein binding dataset for 77 chemicals. European Commission, Joint Research
#' Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: https://data.europa.eu/89h/a2ff867f-db80-4acf-8e5c-e45502713bee
#'
#' Paixao, P., Gouveia, L. F., & Morais, J. A. (2012). Prediction of the human
#' oral bioavailability by using in vitro and in silico drug related parameters
#' in a physiologically based absorption model. International journal of
#' pharmaceutics, 429(1), 84-98.
#'
#' Pirovano, Alessandra, et al. "QSARs for estimating intrinsic hepatic
#' clearance of organic chemicals in humans." Environmental toxicology and
#' pharmacology 42 (2016): 190-197.
#'
#' Riley, Robert J., Dermot F. McGinnity, and Rupert P. Austin. "A unified
#' model for predicting human hepatic, metabolic clearance from in vitro
#' intrinsic clearance data in hepatocytes and microsomes." Drug Metabolism and
#' Disposition 33.9 (2005): 1304-1311.
#'
#' Schmitt, W. (2008). General approach for the calculation of tissue to plasma
#' partition coefficients. Toxicology in vitro : an international journal
#' published in association with BIBRA 22(2), 457-67,
#' 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.09.010.
#'
#' Shibata, Y., Takahashi, H., Chiba, M. and Ishii, Y. (2002). Prediction of
#' Hepatic Clearance and Availability by Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes: An
#' Application of Serum Incubation Method. Drug Metabolism and Disposition
#' 30(8), 892-896, 10.1124/dmd.30.8.892.
#'
#' Sohlenius-Sternbeck, Anna-Karin, et al. "Practical use of the regression
#' offset approach for the prediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance from
#' hepatocytes." Xenobiotica 42.9 (2012): 841-853.
#'
#' Tonnelier, A., Coecke, S. and Zaldivar, J.-M. (2012). Screening of chemicals
#' for human bioaccumulative potential with a physiologically based
#' toxicokinetic model. Archives of Toxicology 86(3), 393-403,
#' 10.1007/s00204-011-0768-0.
#'
#' Uchimura, Takahide, et al. "Prediction of human blood-to-plasma drug
#' concentration ratio." Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition 31.5-6 (2010):
#' 286-297.
#'
#' Wambaugh, J. F., Wetmore, B. A., Ring, C. L., Nicolas, C. I., Pearce, R. G.,
#' Honda, G. S., ... & Badrinarayanan, A. (2019). Assessing Toxicokinetic
#' Uncertainty and Variability in Risk Prioritization. Toxicological Sciences,
#' 172(2), 235-251.
#'
#' Wetmore, B. A., Wambaugh, J. F., Ferguson, S. S., Sochaski, M. A., Rotroff,
#' D. M., Freeman, K., Clewell, H. J., 3rd, Dix, D. J., Andersen, M. E., Houck,
#' K. A., Allen, B., Judson, R. S., Singh, R., Kavlock, R. J., Richard, A. M.
#' and Thomas, R. S. (2012). Integration of dosimetry, exposure, and
#' high-throughput screening data in chemical toxicity assessment.
#' Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology
#' 125(1), 157-74, 10.1093/toxsci/kfr254.
#'
#' Wetmore, B. A., Wambaugh, J. F., Ferguson, S. S., Li, L., Clewell, H. J.,
#' Judson, R. S., Freeman, K., Bao, W., Sochaski, M. A., Chu, T.-M., Black, M.
#' B., Healy, E., Allen, B., Andersen, M. E., Wolfinger, R. D. and Thomas, R.
#' S. (2013). Relative Impact of Incorporating Pharmacokinetics on Predicting
#' In Vivo Hazard and Mode of Action from High-Throughput In Vitro Toxicity
#' Assays. Toxicological Sciences 132(2), 327-346, 10.1093/toxsci/kft012.
#'
#' Wetmore, B. A., Wambaugh, J. F., Allen, B., Ferguson, S. S., Sochaski, M.
#' A., Setzer, R. W., Houck, K. A., Strope, C. L., Cantwell, K., Judson, R. S.,
#' LeCluyse, E., Clewell, H.J. III, Thomas, R.S., and Andersen, M. E. (2015).
#' "Incorporating High-Throughput Exposure Predictions with Dosimetry-Adjusted
#' In Vitro Bioactivity to Inform Chemical Toxicity Testing" Toxicological
#' Sciences, kfv171.
#'
#' F. L. Wood, J. B. Houston and D. Hallifax
#' 'Drug Metabolism and Disposition November 1, 2017, 45 (11) 1178-1188;
#' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.117.077040
#' @source Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#' @keywords data
"chem.physical_and_invitro.data"
#' Tox21 2015 Active Hit Calls (EPA)
#'
#' The ToxCast and Tox21 research programs employ batteries of high-throughput
#' assays to assess chemical bioactivity in vitro. Not every chemical is tested
#' through every assay. Most assays are conducted in concentration response,
#' and each corresponding assay endpoint is analyzed statistically to determine
#' if there is a concentration-dependent response or "hit" using the ToxCast
#' Pipeline. Most assay endpoint-chemical combinations are non-responsive.
#' Here, only the hits are treated as potential indicators of bioactivity. This
#' bioactivity does not have a direct toxicological interpretation. The October
#' 2015 release (invitrodb_v2) of the ToxCast and Tox21 data were used for this
#' analysis. This object contains just the chemicals in Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#' and only the quantiles across all assays for the ACC.
#'
#' @name wambaugh2019.tox21
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.table with 401 rows and 6 columns
#' @author John Wambaugh
#' @references Kavlock, Robert, et al. "Update on EPA's ToxCast program:
#' providing high-throughput decision support tools for chemical risk
#' management." Chemical research in toxicology 25.7 (2012): 1287-1302.
#'
#' Tice, Raymond R., et al. "Improving the human hazard characterization of
#' chemicals: a Tox21 update." Environmental health perspectives 121.7 (2013):
#' 756-765.
#'
#' Richard, Ann M., et al. "ToxCast chemical landscape: paving the road to 21st
#' century toxicology." Chemical research in toxicology 29.8 (2016): 1225-1251.
#'
#' Filer, Dayne L., et al. "tcpl: the ToxCast pipeline for high-throughput
#' screening data." Bioinformatics 33.4 (2016): 618-620.
#'
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#' Variability in Risk Prioritization." Toxicological Sciences 172.2 (2019):
#' 235-251.
#'
#'
#' @source \url{ftp://newftp.epa.gov/COMPTOX/High_Throughput_Screening_Data/Previous_Data/ToxCast_Data_Release_Oct_2015/}
#' @keywords data
"wambaugh2019.tox21"
#' Howgate 2006
#'
#' This data set is only used in Vignette 5.
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.table containing 24 rows and 11 columns.
#' @keywords data
#' @author Caroline Ring
#' @references
#' Howgate, E. M., et al. "Prediction of in vivo drug clearance from in vitro
#' data. I: impact of inter-individual variability." Xenobiotica 36.6 (2006):
#' 473-497.
"howgate"
#' Johnson 2006
#'
#' This data set is only used in Vignette 5.
#'
#' @docType data
#'
#' @format A data.table containing 60 rows and 11 columns.
#'
#' @author Caroline Ring
#' @references
#' Johnson, Trevor N., Amin Rostami-Hodjegan, and Geoffrey T. Tucker.
#' "Prediction of the clearance of eleven drugs and associated variability in
#' neonates, infants and children." Clinical pharmacokinetics 45.9 (2006):
#' 931-956.
#'
#' @keywords data
"johnson"
#' Published Pharmacokinetic Parameters from Obach et al. 2008
#'
#' This data set is used in Vignette 4 for steady state concentration.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 670 rows and 8 columns.
#' @references Obach, R. Scott, Franco Lombardo, and Nigel J. Waters. "Trend
#' analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans
#' for 670 drug compounds." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 36.7 (2008):
#' 1385-1405.
#' @keywords data
"Obach2008"
#' NHANES Exposure Data
#'
#' This data set is only used in Vignette 6.
#'
#' @docType data
#'
#' @format A data.table containing 1060 rows and 5 columns.
#'
#' @author Caroline Ring
#'
#' @references
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "High throughput heuristics for prioritizing human
#' exposure to environmental chemicals." Environmental science & technology
#' 48.21 (2014): 12760-12767.
#'
#' @keywords data
"onlyp"
#' Partition Coefficient Data
#'
#' Measured rat in vivo partition coefficients and data for predicting them.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame.
#' @author Jimena Davis and Robert Pearce
#' @references Schmitt, W., General approach for the calculation of tissue to
#' plasma partition coefficients. Toxicology in Vitro, 2008. 22(2): p. 457-467.
#'
#' Schmitt, W., Corrigendum to:"General approach for the calculation of tissue
#' to plasma partition coefficients"[Toxicology in Vitro 22 (2008) 457-467].
#' Toxicology in Vitro, 2008. 22(6): p. 1666.
#'
#' Poulin, P. and F.P. Theil, A priori prediction of tissue: plasma partition
#' coefficients of drugs to facilitate the use of physiologically based
#' pharmacokinetic models in drug discovery. Journal of pharmaceutical
#' sciences, 2000. 89(1): p. 16-35.
#'
#' Rodgers, T. and M. Rowland, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling
#' 2: predicting the tissue distribution of acids, very weak bases, neutrals
#' and zwitterions. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2006. 95(6): p.
#' 1238-1257.
#'
#' Rodgers, T., D. Leahy, and M. Rowland, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic
#' modeling 1: predicting the tissue distribution of moderate-to-strong bases.
#' Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005. 94(6): p. 1259-1276.
#'
#' Rodgers, T., D. Leahy, and M. Rowland, Tissue distribution of basic drugs:
#' Accounting for enantiomeric, compound and regional differences amongst
#' beta-blocking drugs in rat. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005. 94(6):
#' p. 1237-1248.
#'
#' Gueorguieva, I., et al., Development of a whole body physiologically based
#' model to characterise the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines. 1: Estimation
#' of rat tissue-plasma partition ratios. Journal of pharmacokinetics and
#' pharmacodynamics, 2004. 31(4): p. 269-298.
#'
#' Poulin, P., K. Schoenlein, and F.P. Theil, Prediction of adipose tissue:
#' plasma partition coefficients for structurally unrelated drugs. Journal of
#' pharmaceutical sciences, 2001. 90(4): p. 436-447.
#'
#' Bjorkman, S., Prediction of the volume of distribution of a drug: which
#' tissue-plasma partition coefficients are needed? Journal of pharmacy and
#' pharmacology, 2002. 54(9): p. 1237-1245.
#'
#' Yun, Y. and A. Edginton, Correlation-based prediction of tissue-to-plasma
#' partition coefficients using readily available input parameters.
#' Xenobiotica, 2013. 43(10): p. 839-852.
#'
#' Uchimura, T., et al., Prediction of human blood-to-plasma drug concentration
#' ratio. Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition, 2010. 31(5-6): p. 286-297.
#' @keywords data
"pc.data"
#' Species-specific physiology parameters
#'
#' This data set contains values from Davies and Morris (1993) necessary to
#' paramaterize a toxicokinetic model for human, mouse, rat, dog, or rabbit.
#' The temperature for each species are taken from Robertshaw et al. (2004),
#' Gordon (1993), and Stammers(1926).
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 11 rows and 7 columns.
#' @author John Wambaugh and Nisha Sipes
#' @references Davies, B. and Morris, T. (1993). Physiological Parameters in
#' Laboratory Animals and Humans. Pharmaceutical Research 10(7), 1093-1095,
#' 10.1023/a:1018943613122. %gfr and other flows Anderson and Holford (2009)
#' %scaling gfr by 3/4 Robertshaw, D., Temperature Regulation and Thermal
#' Environment, in Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 12th ed., Reece W.O.,
#' Ed. Copyright 2004 by Cornell University. Stammers (1926) The blood count
#' and body temperature in normal rats Gordon (1993) Temperature Regulation in
#' Laboratory Rodents
#' @source Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#' @keywords data
"physiology.data"
#' Tissue composition and species-specific physiology parameters
#'
#' This data set contains values from Schmitt (2008) and Ruark et al. (2014)
#' describing the composition of specific tissues and from Birnbaum et al.
#' (1994) describing volumes of and blood flows to those tissues, allowing
#' parameterization of toxicokinetic models for human, mouse, rat, dog, or
#' rabbit. Tissue volumes were calculated by converting the fractional mass of
#' each tissue with its density (both from ICRP), lumping the remaining tissues
#' into the rest-of-body, excluding the mass of the gastrointestinal contents
#'
#' New tissues can be added to this table to generate
#' their partition coefficients.
#'
#' The tissue data needed for calculating partition coefficients include:
#' cellular and water fractions of
#' total volume, lipid and protein fractions of cellular volume, lipid
#' fractions of the total lipid volume, the pH of each tissue,
#' and the fractional volume of protein in plasma.
#'
#' @seealso \code{\link{predict_partitioning_schmitt}}
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 13 rows and 20 columns.
#' @author John Wambaugh, Robert Pearce, and Nisha Sipes
#' @references Birnbaum, L and Brown, R and Bischoff, K and Foran, J and
#' Blancato, J and Clewell, H and Dedrick, R (1994). Physiological parameter
#' values for PBPK model. International Life Sciences Institute, Risk Science
#' Institute, Washington, DC
#'
#' Ruark, Christopher D., et al. "Predicting passive and active tissue: plasma
#' partition coefficients: Interindividual and interspecies variability."
#' Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 103.7 (2014): 2189-2198.
#'
#' Schmitt, W. (2008). General approach for the calculation of tissue to plasma
#' partition coefficients. Toxicology in vitro : an international journal
#' published in association with BIBRA 22(2), 457-67,
#' 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.09.010.
#'
#' ICRP. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23 1975
#' @source Pearce et al. (2017), in preparation,
#'
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#'
#' @examples
#' # We can add thyroid to the tissue data by making a row containing
#' # its data, subtracting the volumes and flows from the rest-of-body,
#' # and binding the row to tissue.data. Here we assume it contains the same
#' # partition coefficient data as the spleen and a tenth of the volume and
#' # blood flow:
#' new.tissue <- subset(tissue.data,Tissue == "spleen")
#' new.tissue[, "Tissue"] <- "thyroid"
#' new.tissue[new.tissue$variable %in% c("Vol (L/kg)",
#' "Flow (mL/min/kg^(3/4))"),"value"] <- new.tissue[new.tissue$variable
#' %in% c("Vol (L/kg)","Flow (mL/min/kg^(3/4))"),"value"] / 10
#' tissue.data[tissue.data$Tissue == "rest", "value"] <-
#' tissue.data[tissue.data$Tissue == "rest", "value"] -
#' new.tissue[new.tissue$variable %in% c("Vol (L/kg)",
#' "Flow (mL/min/kg^(3/4))"),"value"]
#' tissue.data <- rbind(tissue.data, new.tissue)
#'
#' @keywords data
"tissue.data"
#' Published toxicokinetic predictions based on in vitro data from Wetmore et
#' al. 2012.
#'
#' This data set overlaps with Wetmore.data and is used only in Vignette 4 for
#' steady state concentration.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 13 rows and 15 columns.
#' @references Wetmore, B.A., Wambaugh, J.F., Ferguson, S.S., Sochaski, M.A.,
#' Rotroff, D.M., Freeman, K., Clewell, H.J., Dix, D.H., Andersen, M.E., Houck,
#' K.A., Allen, B., Judson, R.S., Sing, R., Kavlock, R.J., Richard, A.M., and
#' Thomas, R.S., "Integration of Dosimetry, Exposure and High-Throughput
#' Screening Data in Chemical Toxicity Assessment," Toxicological Sciences 125
#' 157-174 (2012)
#' @keywords data
"Wetmore2012"
#' Metabolism data involved in Linakis 2020 vignette analysis.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing x rows and y columns.
#' @author Matt Linakis
#' @references DSStox database (https:// www.epa.gov/ncct/dsstox
#'
#' @source Matt Linakis
#' @keywords data
"metabolism_data_Linakis2020"
#' Concentration data involved in Linakis 2020 vignette analysis.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing x rows and y columns.
#' @author Matt Linakis
#' @references DSStox database (https:// www.epa.gov/ncct/dsstox
#'
#' @source Matt Linakis
#' @keywords data
"concentration_data_Linakis2020"
#' Supplementary output from Linakis 2020 vignette analysis.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing x rows and y columns.
#' @author Matt Linakis
#' @references DSStox database (https:// www.epa.gov/ncct/dsstox
#'
#' @source Matt Linakis
#' @keywords data
"supptab1_Linakis2020"
#' More supplementary output from Linakis 2020 vignette analysis.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing x rows and y columns.
#' @author Matt Linakis
#' @references DSStox database (https:// www.epa.gov/ncct/dsstox
#'
#' @source Matt Linakis
#' @keywords data
"supptab2_Linakis2020"
#' Literature In Vivo Data on Doses Causing Neurological Effects
#'
#' Studies were selected from Table 1 in Mundy et al., 2015, as
#' the studies in that publication were cited as examples of
#' compounds with evidence for developmental neurotoxicity. There
#' were sufficient in vitro toxicokinetic data available for this
#' package for only 6 of the 42 chemicals.
#'
#' @docType data
#'
#' @format A data.frame containing 14 rows and 16 columns.
#'
#' @author Timothy J. Shafer
#'
#' @references
#' Frank, Christopher L., et al. "Defining toxicological tipping points
#' in neuronal network development." Toxicology and Applied
#' Pharmacology 354 (2018): 81-93.
#'
#' Mundy, William R., et al. "Expanding the test set: Chemicals with
#' potential to disrupt mammalian brain development." Neurotoxicology
#' and Teratology 52 (2015): 25-35.
#'
#' @keywords data
"Frank2018invivo"
#' Pearce et al. 2017 data
#'
#' This table includes the adjusted and unadjusted regression parameter
#' estimates for the chemical-specifc plasma
#' protein unbound fraction (fup) in 12 different tissue types.
#'
#' Predictions were made with regression models,
#' as reported in Pearce et al. (2017).
#'
#' @name pearce2017regression
#' @aliases Pearce2017Regression
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @author Robert G. Pearce
#' @references Pearce, Robert G., et al. "Evaluation and calibration of
#' high-throughput predictions of chemical distribution to tissues."
#' Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 44.6 (2017): 549-565.
#' @source Pearce et al. 2017 Regression Models
#' @keywords data
"pearce2017regression"
#' Dawson et al. 2021 data
#'
#' This table includes QSAR (Random Forest) model predicted values for unbound
#' fraction plasma protein (fup) and intrinsic hepatic clearance (clint) for a
#' subset of chemicals in the Tox21 library
#' (see \url{https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/toxicology-testing-21st-century-tox21}).
#'
#' Predictions were made with a set of Random Forest QSAR models,
#' as reported in Dawson et al. (2021).
#'
#' @name dawson2021
#' @aliases Dawson2021
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @author Daniel E. Dawson
#' @references Dawson, Daniel E. et al. "Designing QSARs for parameters
#' of high-throughput toxicokinetic models using open-source descriptors."
#' Environmental Science & Technology____. (2021):______.
#' @source Dawson et al. 2021 Random Forest QSAR Model
#' @keywords data
"dawson2021"
#' Kapraun et al. 2019 data
#'
#' A list object containing time-varying parameters for the human maternal-fetal
#' HTTK model. List elements contain scalar coefficients for the polynomial,
#' logistic, Gompertz, and other functions of time describing blood flow rates,
#' tissue volumes, hematocrits, and other anatomical/physiological quantities
#' that change in the human mother and her fetus during pregnancy and gestation.
#'
#' @name kapraun2019
#' @aliases Kapraun2019
#' @docType data
#' @format list
#' @author Dustin F. Kapraun
#' @references
#' \insertRef{kapraun2019empirical}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2019 Fetal PBTK Model
#' @keywords data
"kapraun2019"
#' Pradeep et al. 2020
#'
#' This table includes Support Vector Machine and Random Forest model predicted
#' values for unbound fraction plasma protein (fup) and intrinsic hepatic
#' clearance (clint) values for a subset of chemicals in the Tox21 library
#' (see \url{https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/toxicology-testing-21st-century-tox21}).
#'
#' Prediction were made with Support Vector Machine and Random Forest models,
#' as reported in Pradeep et al. (2020).
#'
#' @name pradeep2020
#' @aliases Pradeep2020
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{pradeep2020chemstr}{httk}
#' @source Pradeep et al. 2020 Chemical Structure Predictive Models for HTTK
#' @keywords data
"pradeep2020"
#' Aylward et al. 2014
#'
#' Aylward et al. (2014) compiled measurements of the ratio of maternal to fetal
#' cord blood chemical concentrations at birth for a range of chemicals with
#' environmental routes of exposure, including bromodiphenyl ethers, fluorinated
#' compounds, organochlorine pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco smoke
#' components, and vitamins.
#'
#' @name aylward2014
#' @aliases Aylward2014
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{Aylward2014matfet}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"aylward2014"
#' AUCs for Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
#'
#' Dallmann et al. (2018) includes compiled literature descriptions of
#' toxicokinetic summary statistics, including time-integrated plasma
#' concentrations (area under the curve or AUC) for drugs administered to a
#' sample of subjects including both pregnant and non-pregnant women. The
#' circumstances of the dosing varied slightly between drugs and are summarized
#' in the table.
#'
#' @name pregnonpregaucs
#' @aliases pregnonpregaucs
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{dallmann2018pregpbtk}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"pregnonpregaucs"
#' Partition Coefficients from PK-Sim
#'
#' Dallmann et al. (2018) made use of PK-Sim to predict chemical- and tissue-
#' specific partition coefficients. The methods include both the default
#' PK-Sim approach and PK-Sim Standard and Rodgers & Rowland (2006).
#'
#' @name pksim.pcs
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{dallmann2018pregpbtk}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"pksim.pcs"
#' Fetal Partition Coefficients
#'
#' Partition coefficients were measured for tissues, including placenta, in
#' vitro by Csanady et al. (2002) for Bisphenol A and Diadzen. Curley et al.
#' (1969) measured the concentration of a variety of pesticides in the cord
#' blood of newborns and in the tissues of infants that were stillborn.
#'
#' Three of the chemicals studied by Curley et al. (1969) were modeled by
#' Weijs et al. (2013) using the same partition coefficients for mother and
#' fetus. The values used represented "prior knowledge" summarizing the
#' available literature.
#'
#' @name fetalpcs
#' @aliases fetalPCs
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{Csanady2002fetalpc}{httk}
#' \insertRef{Curley1969fetalpc}{httk}
#' \insertRef{Weijs2013fetalpc}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"fetalpcs"
#' Wang et al. 2018
#' Wang et al. (2018) screened the blood of 75 pregnant women for the presence
#' of environmental organic acids (EOAs) and identified mass spectral features
#' corresponding to 453 chemical formulae of which 48 could be mapped to likely
#' structures. Of the 48 with tentative structures the identity of six were
#' confirmed with available chemical standards.
#' @name wang2018
#' @aliases Wang2018
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{Wang2018matbloodnta}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"wang2018"
#' ToxCast Example Data
#' The main page for the ToxCast data is here:
#' https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/exploring-toxcast-data-downloadable-data
#' Most useful to us is a single file containing all the hits across all chemcials
#' and assays:
#' https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/datasets/6364026ee4b04f6bb1409eda?space=62bb560ee4b07abf29f88fef
#'
#' As of November, 2022 the most recent version was 3.5 and was available as an
#' .Rdata file (invitrodb_3_5_mc5.Rdata)
#'
#' Unfortunately for this vignette there are too many ToxCast data to fit into a
#' 5mb R package. So we will subset to just the shemicals for the
#' "Intro to IVIVE" vignette and distribute
#' only those data. In addition, out of 78 columns in the data, we will keep only
#' eight.
#' @name example.toxcast
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @keywords data
"example.toxcast"
#' SEEM Example Data
#' We can grab SEEM daily intake rate predictions already in RData format from
#' https://github.com/HumanExposure/SEEM3RPackage/tree/main/SEEM3/data
#' Download the file Ring2018Preds.RData
#'
#' We do not have the space to distribute all the SEEM predictions within
#' this R package, but we can give you our "Intro to IVIVE" example chemicals
#' @name example.seem
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @keywords data
"example.seem"
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#This file is used by roxygen2 to generate man files (documentation) for data
#sets included in the package.
#'Reference tissue masses and flows from tables in McNally et al. 2014.
#'
#'Reference tissue masses, flows, and residual variance distributions from
#'Tables 1, 4, and 5 of McNally et al. 2014.
#'
#'@format A data.table with variables: \describe{\item{\code{tissue}}{Body
#' tissue} \item{\code{gender}}{Gender: Male or Female}
#' \item{\code{mass_ref}}{Reference mass in kg, from Reference Man}
#' \item{\code{mass_cv}}{Coefficient of variation for mass}
#' \item{\code{mass_dist}}{Distribution for mass: Normal or Log-normal}
#' \item{\code{flow_ref}}{Reference flow in L/h, from Reference Man}
#' \item{\code{flow_cv}}{Coefficient of variation for flow (all normally
#' distributed)} \item{\code{height_ref}}{Reference heights (by gender)}
#' \item{\code{CO_ref}}{Reference cardiac output by gender}
#' \item{\code{flow_frac}}{Fraction of CO flowing to each tissue:
#' \code{flow_ref}/\code{CO_ref}}}
#'@source McNally K, Cotton R, Hogg A, Loizou G. "PopGen: A virtual human
#' population generator." Toxicology 315, 70-85, 2004.
#'@keywords data
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"mcnally_dt"
#' A timestamp of table creation
#'
#' The Tables.RData file is separately created as part of building a new
#' release of HTTK. This time stamp indicates the script used to build the file
#' and when it was run.
#'
#' @author John Wambaugh
"Tables.Rdata.stamp"
#' Reference for EPA Physico-Chemical Data
#'
#' The physico-chemical data in the chem.phys_and_invitro.data table are
#' obtained from EPA's Comptox Chemicals dashboard. This variable indicates
#' the date the Dashboard was accessed.
#' @source \url{https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard}
#'
#' @author John Wambaugh
"EPA.ref"
#'Pre-processed NHANES data.
#'
#'NHANES data on demographics, anthropometrics, and some laboratory measures,
#'cleaned and combined into a single data set.
#'
#'@format A data.table with 23620 rows and 12
#' variables. \describe{ \item{seqn}{NHANES unique identifier for individual
#' respondents.} \item{sddsrvyr}{NHANES two-year cycle: one of "NHANES
#' 2013-2014", "NHANES 2015-2016", "NHANES 2017-2018".} \item{riagendr}{Gender:
#' "Male" or "Female"} \item{ridreth1}{Race/ethnicity category: one of "Mexican
#' American", "Non-Hispanic White", "Non-Hispanic Black", "Other", "Other
#' Hispanic".} \item{ridexagm}{Age in months at the time of examination (if not
#' recorded by NHANES, it was imputed based on age at the time of screening)}
#' \item{ridexagy}{Age in years at the time of examination (if not recorded by
#' NHANES, it was imputed based on age at the time of screening)}
#' \item{bmxwt}{Weight in kg} \item{lbxscr}{Serum creatinine, mg/dL}
#' \item{lbxhct}{Hematocrit, percent by volume of blood composed of red blood
#' cells} \item{\code{wtmec6yr}}{6-year sample weights for combining 3 cycles,
#' computed by dividing 2-year sample weights by 3.}
#' \item{\code{bmxhtlenavg}}{Average of height and recumbent length if both
#' were measured; if only one was measured, takes value of the one that was
#' measured.} \item{\code{weight_class}}{One of Underweight, Normal,
#' Overweight, or Obese. Assigned using methods in
#' \code{\link{get_weight_class}}.} }
#'
#'@source \url{https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/Default.aspx}
#'
#'@keywords data
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"mecdt"
#'CDC BMI-for-age charts
#'
#'Charts giving the BMI-for-age percentiles for boys and girls ages 2-18
#'
#'For children ages 2 to 18, weight class depends on the BMI-for-age percentile.
#'\describe{
#'\item{Underweight}{<5th percentile}
#'\item{Normal weight}{5th-85th percentile}
#'\item{Overweight}{85th-95th percentile}
#'\item{Obese}{>=95th percentile}
#'}
#'
#' @format A data.table with 434 rows and 5 variables: \describe{
#' \item{Sex}{Female or Male} \item{Agemos}{Age in months} \item{P5}{The 5th
#' percentile BMI for the corresponding sex and age} \item{P85}{The 85th
#' percentile BMI for the corresponding sex and age} \item{P95}{The 95th
#' percentile BMI for the corresponding sex and age} }
#' @source \url{https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/zscore/bmiagerev.csv}
#'
#'@keywords data
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#'environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability." Environment
#'International 106 (2017): 105-118
"bmiage"
#'WHO weight-for-length charts
#'
#'Charts giving weight-for-length percentiles for boys and girls under age 2.
#'
#'For infants under age 2, weight class depends on weight for length percentile.
#'#'\describe{ \item{Underweight}{<2.3rd percentile} \item{Normal
#'weight}{2.3rd-97.7th percentile} \item{Obese}{>=97.7th percentile} }
#'
#'@format a data.table with 262 rows and 4 variables:
#'
#' \describe{ \item{Sex}{"Male" or "Female"} \item{Length}{Recumbent length in
#' cm} \item{P2.3}{The 2.3rd percentile weight in kg for the corresponding sex
#' and recumbent length} \item{P97.7}{The 97.7th percentile weight in kg for
#' the corresponding sex and recumbent length}}
#'
#'@source
#'\url{https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/who/boys_weight_head_circumference.htm}
#'and
#'\url{https://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/who/girls_weight_head_circumference.htm}
"wfl"
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#'environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability." Environment
#'International 106 (2017): 105-118
"wfl"
#'KDE bandwidth for residual variability in height/weight
#'
#'Bandwidths used for a two-dimensional kernel density estimation of the joint
#'distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of height vs. age
#'and weight vs. age for NHANES respondents in each of ten combinations of sex
#'and race/ethnicity categories.
#'
#'Each matrix is a variance-covariance matrix for a two-dimensional normal
#'distribution: this is the bandwidth to be used for a two-dimensional kernel
#'density estimation (KDE) (using a two-dimensional normal kernel) of the joint
#'distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of height vs. age
#'and weight vs. age for NHANES respondents in the specified sex and
#'race/ethnicity category. Optimal bandwidths were pre-calculated by doing the
#'smoothing spline fits, getting the residuals, then calling
#'\code{\link[ks]{kde}} on the residuals (which calls \code{\link[ks]{Hpi}} to
#'compute the plug-in bandwidth).
#'
#'Used by HTTK-Pop only in "virtual individuals" mode (i.e.
#'\code{\link{httkpop_generate}} with \code{method = "v"}), in
#'\code{\link{gen_height_weight}}.
#'
#'@format A named list with 10 elements, each a matrix with 2 rows and 2
#' columns. Each list element corresponds to, and is named for, one combination
#' of NHANES sex categories (Male and Female) and NHANES race/ethnicity
#' categories (Mexican American, Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White,
#' Non-Hispanic Black, and Other).
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"hw_H"
#'KDE bandwidths for residual variability in hematocrit
#'
#'Bandwidths used for a one-dimensional kernel density estimation of the
#'distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of hematocrit vs.
#'age for NHANES respondents in each of ten combinations of sex and
#'race/ethnicity categories.
#'
#'Each matrix is the standard deviation for a normal distribution: this is the
#'bandwidth to be used for a kernel density estimation (KDE) (using a normal
#'kernel) of the distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of
#'hematocrit vs. age for NHANES respondents in the specified sex and
#'race/ethnicity category. Optimal bandwidths were pre-calculated by doing the
#'smoothing spline fits, getting the residuals, then calling
#'\code{\link[ks]{kde}} on the residuals (which calls \code{\link[ks]{hpi}} to
#'compute the plug-in bandwidth).
#'
#'Used by HTTK-Pop only in "virtual individuals" mode (i.e.
#'\code{\link{httkpop_generate}} with \code{method = "v"}), in
#'\code{\link{estimate_hematocrit}}.
#'
#'@format A named list with 10 elements, each a numeric value. Each list element
#' corresponds to, and is named for, one combination of NHANES sex categories
#' (Male and Female) and NHANES race/ethnicity categories (Mexican American,
#' Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Other).
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"hct_h"
#'KDE bandwidths for residual variability in serum creatinine
#'
#'Bandwidths used for a one-dimensional kernel density estimation of the
#'distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of serum
#'creatinine vs. age for NHANES respondents in each of ten combinations of sex
#'and race/ethnicity categories.
#'
#'Each matrix is the standard deviation for a normal distribution: this is the
#'bandwidth to be used for a kernel density estimation (KDE) (using a normal
#'kernel) of the distribution of residual errors around smoothing spline fits of
#'serum creatinine vs. age for NHANES respondents in the specified sex and
#'race/ethnicity category. Optimal bandwidths were pre-calculated by doing the
#'smoothing spline fits, getting the residuals, then calling
#'\code{\link[ks]{kde}} on the residuals (which calls \code{\link[ks]{hpi}} to
#'compute the plug-in bandwidth).
#'
#'Used by HTTK-Pop only in "virtual individuals" mode (i.e.
#'\code{\link{httkpop_generate}} with \code{method = "v"}), in
#'\code{\link{gen_serum_creatinine}}.
#'
#'@format A named list with 10 elements, each a numeric value. Each list element
#' corresponds to, and is named for, one combination of NHANES sex categories
#' (Male and Female) and NHANES race/ethnicity categories (Mexican American,
#' Other Hispanic, Non-Hispanic White, Non-Hispanic Black, and Other).
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Caroline Ring
#'@keywords httk-pop
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' environmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability."
#' Environment International 106 (2017): 105-118
"scr_h"
#' Microtiter Plate Well Descriptions for Armitage et al. (2014) Model
#'
#' Microtiter Plate Well Descriptions for Armitage et al. (2014) model from
#' Honda et al. (2019)
#'
#' @format A data frame / data table with 11 rows and 8 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{sysID}{Identifier for each multi-well plate system}
#' \item{well_desc}{Well description}
#' \item{well_number}{Number of wells on plate}
#' \item{area_bottom}{Area of well bottom in mm^2}
#' \item{cell_yield}{Number of cells}
#' \item{diam}{Diameter of well in mm}
#' \item{v_total}{Total volume of well in uL)}
#' \item{v_working}{Working volume of well in uL}
#' }
#'
#' @source \url{https://www.corning.com/catalog/cls/documents/application-notes/CLS-AN-209.pdf}
#'
#' @keywords data
#'
#' @author Greg Honda
#'
#' @references Armitage, J. M.; Wania, F.; Arnot, J. A. Environ. Sci. Technol.
#'2014, 48, 9770-9779. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501955g
#' @references Honda, Gregory S., et al. "Using the Concordance of In Vitro and
#'In Vivo Data to Evaluate Extrapolation Assumptions", PloS ONE 14.5 (2019): e0217564.
"well_param"
#' Armitage et al. (2014) Model Inputs from Honda et al. (2019)
#'
#' @format A data frame with 53940 rows and 10 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{MP}{}
#' \item{MW}{}
#' \item{casrn}{}
#' \item{compound_name}{}
#' \item{gkaw}{}
#' \item{gkow}{}
#' \item{gswat}{}
#' }
#' @source \url{https://www.diamondse.info/}
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author Greg Honda
#'
#'@references Armitage, J. M.; Wania, F.; Arnot, J. A. Environ. Sci. Technol.
#'2014, 48, 9770-9779. dx.doi.org/10.1021/es501955g
#'@references Honda, Gregory S., et al. "Using the Concordance of In Vitro and
#'In Vivo Data to Evaluate Extrapolation Assumptions", PloS ONE 14.5 (2019): e0217564.
"armitage_input"
#' DRUGS|NORMAN: Pharmaceutical List with EU, Swiss, US Consumption Data
#'
#' SWISSPHARMA is a list of pharmaceuticals with consumption data from
#' Switzerland, France, Germany and the USA, used for a suspect
#' screening/exposure modelling approach described in
#' Singer et al 2016, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03332. The original data is
#' available on the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange.
#'
#'@source \url{https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical_lists/swisspharma}
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"pharma"
#' in vitro Toxicokinetic Data from Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#' These data are the new HTTK in vitro data for chemicals reported in Wambaugh
#' et al. (2019) They
#' are the processed values used to make the figures in that manuscript.
#' These data summarize the results of Bayesian analysis of the in vitro
#' toxicokinetic experiments conducted by Cyprotex to characterize fraction
#' unbound in the presence of pooled human plasma protein and the intrnsic
#' hepatic clearance of the chemical by pooled human hepatocytes.
#'
#' @format A data frame with 496 rows and 17 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{Compound}{The name of the chemical}
#' \item{CAS}{The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number}
#' \item{Human.Clint}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for intrinsic
#' hepatic clearance (uL/min/million hepatocytes)]}
#' \item{Human.Clint.pValue}{Probability that there is no clearance}
#' \item{Human.Funbound.plasma}{Median of Bayesian credibl interval for
#' fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{pKa_Accept}{pH(s) at which hydrogen acceptor sites (if any) are at
#' equilibrium}
#' \item{pKa_Donor}{pH(s) at which hydrogne donor sites (if any) are at
#' equilibrium}
#' \item{DSSTox_Substance_Id}{Identifier for CompTox Chemical Dashboard}
#' \item{SMILES}{Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System structure
#' description}
#' \item{Human.Clint.Low95}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{Human.Clint.High95}{Uppper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{Human.Clint.Point}{Point estimate of intrinsic hepatic clearance
#' (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{Human.Funbound.plasma.Low95}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{Human.Funbound.plasma.High95}{Upper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{Human.Funbound.plasma.Point}{Point estimate of the fraction of
#' chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{MW}{Molecular weight (Daltons)}
#' \item{logP}{log base ten of octanol:water partiion coefficient}
#' }
#' @source Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author John Wambaugh
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"wambaugh2019"
#' Published toxicokinetic time course measurements
#'
#' This data set includes time and dose specific measurements of chemical
#' concentration in tissues taken from animals administered control doses of
#' the chemicals either orally or intravenously. This plasma concentration-time
#' data is from rat experiments reported in public sources. Toxicokinetic data
#' were retrieved from those studies by the Netherlands Organisation for
#' Applied Scientific Research (TNO) using curve stripping (TechDig v2). This
#' data is provided for statistical analysis as in Wambaugh et al. 2018.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 597 rows and 13 columns.
#' @author Sieto Bosgra
#' @references Aanderud L, Bakke OM (1983). Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine,
#' paracetamol, and morphine in rat at 71 ATA. Undersea Biomed Res.
#' 10(3):193-201. PMID: 6636344
#'
#' Aasmoe L, Mathiesen M, Sager G (1999). Elimination of methoxyacetic acid and
#' ethoxyacetic acid in rat. Xenobiotica. 29(4):417-24. PMID: 10375010
#'
#' Ako RA. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of oral diethylstilbestrol
#' (DES) in recurrent prostate cancer patients and of oral dissolving film
#' (ODF)-DES in rats. PhD dissertation, College of Pharmacy, University of
#' Houston, USA, 2011.
#'
#' Anadon A, Martinez-Larranaga MR, Fernandez-Cruz ML, Diaz MJ, Fernandez MC,
#' Martinez MA (1996). Toxicokinetics of deltamethrin and its 4'-HO-metabolite
#' in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 141(1):8-16. PMID: 8917670
#'
#' Binkerd PE, Rowland JM, Nau H, Hendrickx AG (1988). Evaluation of valproic
#' acid (VPA) developmental toxicity and pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley
#' rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 11(3):485-93. PMID: 3146521
#'
#' Boralli VB, Coelho EB, Cerqueira PM, Lanchote VL (2005). Stereoselective
#' analysis of metoprolol and its metabolites in rat plasma with application to
#' oxidative metabolism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.
#' 823(2):195-202. PMID: 16029965
#'
#' Chan MP, Morisawa S, Nakayama A, Kawamoto Y, Sugimoto M, Yoneda M (2005).
#' Toxicokinetics of 14C-endosulfan in male Sprague-Dawley rats following oral
#' administration of single or repeated doses. Environ Toxicol. 20(5):533-41.
#' PMID: 16161119
#'
#' Cruz L, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Flores-Murrieta FJ, Garcia-Lopez P,
#' Guizar-Sahagun G (2002). Alteration of phenacetin pharmacokinetics after
#' experimental spinal cord injury. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 45:4-5. PMID:
#' 12434508
#'
#' Della Paschoa OE, Mandema JW, Voskuyl RA, Danhof M (1998).
#' Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the anticonvulsant and
#' electroencephalogram effects of phenytoin in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
#' 284(2):460-6. PMID: 9454785
#'
#' Du B, Li X, Yu Q, A Y, Chen C (2010). Pharmacokinetic comparison of orally
#' disintegrating, beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and conventional tablets
#' of nicardipine in rats. Life Sci J. 7(2):80-4.
#'
#' Farris FF, Dedrick RL, Allen PV, Smith JC (1993). Physiological model for
#' the pharmacokinetics of methyl mercury in the growing rat. Toxicol Appl
#' Pharmacol. 119(1):74-90. PMID: 8470126
#'
#' Hays SM, Elswick BA, Blumenthal GM, Welsch F, Conolly RB, Gargas ML (2000).
#' Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of
#' 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid disposition in pregnant rats.
#' Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 163(1):67-74. PMID: 10662606
#'
#' Igari Y, Sugiyama Y, Awazu S, Hanano M (1982). Comparative physiologically
#' based pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital, phenobarbital and thiopental in the
#' rat. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 10(1):53-75. PMID: 7069578
#'
#' Ito K, Houston JB (2004). Comparison of the use of liver models for
#' predicting drug clearance using in vitro kinetic data from hepatic
#' microsomes and isolated hepatocytes. Pharm Res. 21(5):785-92. PMID: 15180335
#'
#' Jia L, Wong H, Wang Y, Garza M, Weitman SD (2003). Carbendazim: disposition,
#' cellular permeability, metabolite identification, and pharmacokinetic
#' comparison with its nanoparticle. J Pharm Sci. 92(1):161-72. PMID: 12486692
#'
#' Kawai R, Mathew D, Tanaka C, Rowland M (1998). Physiologically based
#' pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A: extension to tissue distribution
#' kinetics in rats and scale-up to human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 287(2):457-68.
#' PMID: 9808668
#'
#' Kim YC, Kang HE, Lee MG (2008). Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and its
#' metabolite, 4'-HPPH, after intravenous and oral administration of phenytoin
#' to diabetic rats induced by alloxan or streptozotocin. Biopharm Drug Dispos.
#' 29(1):51-61. PMID: 18022993
#'
#' Kobayashi S, Takai K, Iga T, Hanano M (1991). Pharmacokinetic analysis of
#' the disposition of valproate in pregnant rats. Drug Metab Dispos.
#' 19(5):972-6. PMID: 1686245
#'
#' Kotegawa T, Laurijssens BE, Von Moltke LL, Cotreau MM, Perloff MD,
#' Venkatakrishnan K, Warrington JS, Granda BW, Harmatz JS, Greenblatt DJ
#' (2002). In vitro, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic interactions of
#' ketoconazole and midazolam in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 302(3):1228-37.
#' PMID: 12183684
#'
#' Krug AK, Kolde R, Gaspar JA, Rempel E, Balmer NV, Meganathan K, Vojnits K,
#' Baquie M, Waldmann T, Ensenat-Waser R, Jagtap S, Evans RM, Julien S,
#' Peterson H, Zagoura D, Kadereit S, Gerhard D, Sotiriadou I, Heke M,
#' Natarajan K, Henry M, Winkler J, Marchan R, Stoppini L, Bosgra S, Westerhout
#' J, Verwei M, Vilo J, Kortenkamp A, Hescheler J, Hothorn L, Bremer S, van
#' Thriel C, Krause KH, Hengstler JG, Rahnenfuhrer J, Leist M, Sachinidis A
#' (2013). Human embryonic stem cell-derived test systems for developmental
#' neurotoxicity: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol. 87(1):123-43. PMID:
#' 23179753
#'
#' Leon-Reyes MR, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Ortiz MI (2009). Pharmacokinetic of
#' diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. J Pharm
#' Pharm Sci. 12(3):280-7. PMID: 20067705
#'
#' Nagata M, Hidaka M, Sekiya H, Kawano Y, Yamasaki K, Okumura M, Arimori K
#' (2007). Effects of pomegranate juice on human cytochrome P450 2C9 and
#' tolbutamide pharmacokinetics in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 35(2):302-5. PMID:
#' 17132763
#'
#' Okiyama M, Ueno K, Ohmori S, Igarashi T, Kitagawa H (1988). Drug
#' interactions between imipramine and benzodiazepines in rats. J Pharm Sci.
#' 77(1):56-63. PMID: 2894451
#'
#' Pelissier-Alicot AL, Schreiber-Deturmeny E, Simon N, Gantenbein M,
#' Bruguerolle B (2002). Time-of-day dependent pharmacodynamic and
#' pharmacokinetic profiles of caffeine in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
#' Pharmacol. 365(4):318-25. PMID: 11919657
#'
#' Piersma AH, Bosgra S, van Duursen MB, Hermsen SA, Jonker LR, Kroese ED, van
#' der Linden SC, Man H, Roelofs MJ, Schulpen SH, Schwarz M, Uibel F, van
#' Vugt-Lussenburg BM, Westerhout J, Wolterbeek AP, van der Burg B (2013).
#' Evaluation of an alternative in vitro test battery for detecting
#' reproductive toxicants. Reprod Toxicol. 38:53-64. PMID: 23511061
#'
#' Pollack GM, Li RC, Ermer JC, Shen DD (1985). Effects of route of
#' administration and repetitive dosing on the disposition kinetics of
#' di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its mono-de-esterified metabolite in rats.
#' Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Jun 30;79(2):246-56. PMID: 4002226
#'
#' Saadeddin A, Torres-Molina F, Carcel-Trullols J, Araico A, Peris JE (2004).
#' Pharmacokinetics of the time-dependent elimination of all-trans-retinoic
#' acid in rats. AAPS J. 6(1):1-9. PMID: 18465253
#'
#' Satterwhite JH, Boudinot FD (1991). Effects of age and dose on the
#' pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 19(1):61-7.
#' PMID: 1673423
#'
#' Szymura-Oleksiak J, Panas M, Chrusciel W (1983). Pharmacokinetics of
#' imipramine after single and multiple intravenous administration in rats. Pol
#' J Pharmacol Pharm. 35(2):151-7. PMID: 6622297
#'
#' Tanaka C, Kawai R, Rowland M (2000). Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of
#' cyclosporin A in rats: events in tissues. Drug Metab Dispos. 28(5):582-9.
#' PMID: 10772639
#'
#' Timchalk C, Nolan RJ, Mendrala AL, Dittenber DA, Brzak KA, Mattsson JL
#' (2002). A Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
#' (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and
#' humans. Toxicol Sci. Mar;66(1):34-53. PMID: 11861971
#'
#' Tokuma Y, Sekiguchi M, Niwa T, Noguchi H (1988). Pharmacokinetics of
#' nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in mice, rats,
#' rabbits and dogs. Xenobiotica 18(1):21-8. PMID: 3354229
#'
#' Treiber A, Schneiter R, Delahaye S, Clozel M (2004). Inhibition of organic
#' anion transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic uptake is the major
#' determinant in the pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and
#' cyclosporin A in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 308(3):1121-9. PMID:
#' 14617681
#'
#' Tsui BC, Feng JD, Buckley SJ, Yeung PK (1994). Pharmacokinetics and
#' metabolism of diltiazem in rats following a single intra-arterial or single
#' oral dose. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 19(4):369-73. PMID: 7737239
#'
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#'
#' Wang Y, Roy A, Sun L, Lau CE (1999). A double-peak phenomenon in the
#' pharmacokinetics of alprazolam after oral administration. Drug Metab Dispos.
#' 27(8):855-9. PMID: 10421610
#'
#' Wang X, Lee WY, Or PM, Yeung JH (2010). Pharmacokinetic interaction studies
#' of tanshinones with tolbutamide, a model CYP2C11 probe substrate, using
#' liver microsomes, primary hepatocytes and in vivo in the rat. Phytomedicine.
#' 17(3-4):203-11. PMID: 19679455
#'
#' Yang SH, Lee MG (2008). Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in
#' rats: contribution of hepatic and intestinal first-pass effects to low
#' bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 29(7):414-26. PMID: 18697186
#'
#' Yeung PK, Alcos A, Tang J (2009). Pharmacokinetics and Hemodynamic Effects
#' of Diltiazem in Rats Following Single vs Multiple Doses In Vivo. Open Drug
#' Metab J. 3:56-62.
#' @source Wambaugh et al. 2018 Toxicological Sciences, in press
#' @keywords data
"chem.invivo.PK.data"
#' Summary of published toxicokinetic time course experiments
#'
#' This data set summarizes the time course data in the chem.invivo.PK.data
#' table. Maximum concentration (Cmax), time integrated plasma concentration
#' for the duration of treatment (AUC.treatment) and extrapolated to zero
#' concentration (AUC.infinity) as well as half-life are calculated. Summary
#' values are given for each study and dosage. These data can be used to
#' evaluate toxicokinetic model predictions.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 100 rows and 25 columns.
#' @author John Wambaugh
#' @references Aanderud L, Bakke OM (1983). Pharmacokinetics of antipyrine,
#' paracetamol, and morphine in rat at 71 ATA. Undersea Biomed Res.
#' 10(3):193-201. PMID: 6636344
#'
#' Aasmoe L, Mathiesen M, Sager G (1999). Elimination of methoxyacetic acid and
#' ethoxyacetic acid in rat. Xenobiotica. 29(4):417-24. PMID: 10375010
#'
#' Ako RA. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of oral diethylstilbestrol
#' (DES) in recurrent prostate cancer patients and of oral dissolving film
#' (ODF)-DES in rats. PhD dissertation, College of Pharmacy, University of
#' Houston, USA, 2011.
#'
#' Anadon A, Martinez-Larranaga MR, Fernandez-Cruz ML, Diaz MJ, Fernandez MC,
#' Martinez MA (1996). Toxicokinetics of deltamethrin and its 4'-HO-metabolite
#' in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 141(1):8-16. PMID: 8917670
#'
#' Binkerd PE, Rowland JM, Nau H, Hendrickx AG (1988). Evaluation of valproic
#' acid (VPA) developmental toxicity and pharmacokinetics in Sprague-Dawley
#' rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 11(3):485-93. PMID: 3146521
#'
#' Boralli VB, Coelho EB, Cerqueira PM, Lanchote VL (2005). Stereoselective
#' analysis of metoprolol and its metabolites in rat plasma with application to
#' oxidative metabolism. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.
#' 823(2):195-202. PMID: 16029965
#'
#' Chan MP, Morisawa S, Nakayama A, Kawamoto Y, Sugimoto M, Yoneda M (2005).
#' Toxicokinetics of 14C-endosulfan in male Sprague-Dawley rats following oral
#' administration of single or repeated doses. Environ Toxicol. 20(5):533-41.
#' PMID: 16161119
#'
#' Cruz L, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Flores-Murrieta FJ, Garcia-Lopez P,
#' Guizar-Sahagun G (2002). Alteration of phenacetin pharmacokinetics after
#' experimental spinal cord injury. Proc West Pharmacol Soc. 45:4-5. PMID:
#' 12434508
#'
#' Della Paschoa OE, Mandema JW, Voskuyl RA, Danhof M (1998).
#' Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of the anticonvulsant and
#' electroencephalogram effects of phenytoin in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
#' 284(2):460-6. PMID: 9454785
#'
#' Du B, Li X, Yu Q, A Y, Chen C (2010). Pharmacokinetic comparison of orally
#' disintegrating, beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex and conventional tablets
#' of nicardipine in rats. Life Sci J. 7(2):80-4.
#'
#' Farris FF, Dedrick RL, Allen PV, Smith JC (1993). Physiological model for
#' the pharmacokinetics of methyl mercury in the growing rat. Toxicol Appl
#' Pharmacol. 119(1):74-90. PMID: 8470126
#'
#' Hays SM, Elswick BA, Blumenthal GM, Welsch F, Conolly RB, Gargas ML (2000).
#' Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of
#' 2-methoxyethanol and 2-methoxyacetic acid disposition in pregnant rats.
#' Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 163(1):67-74. PMID: 10662606
#'
#' Igari Y, Sugiyama Y, Awazu S, Hanano M (1982). Comparative physiologically
#' based pharmacokinetics of hexobarbital, phenobarbital and thiopental in the
#' rat. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 10(1):53-75. PMID: 7069578
#'
#' Ito K, Houston JB (2004). Comparison of the use of liver models for
#' predicting drug clearance using in vitro kinetic data from hepatic
#' microsomes and isolated hepatocytes. Pharm Res. 21(5):785-92. PMID: 15180335
#'
#' Jia L, Wong H, Wang Y, Garza M, Weitman SD (2003). Carbendazim: disposition,
#' cellular permeability, metabolite identification, and pharmacokinetic
#' comparison with its nanoparticle. J Pharm Sci. 92(1):161-72. PMID: 12486692
#'
#' Kawai R, Mathew D, Tanaka C, Rowland M (1998). Physiologically based
#' pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A: extension to tissue distribution
#' kinetics in rats and scale-up to human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 287(2):457-68.
#' PMID: 9808668
#'
#' Kim YC, Kang HE, Lee MG (2008). Pharmacokinetics of phenytoin and its
#' metabolite, 4'-HPPH, after intravenous and oral administration of phenytoin
#' to diabetic rats induced by alloxan or streptozotocin. Biopharm Drug Dispos.
#' 29(1):51-61. PMID: 18022993
#'
#' Kobayashi S, Takai K, Iga T, Hanano M (1991). Pharmacokinetic analysis of
#' the disposition of valproate in pregnant rats. Drug Metab Dispos.
#' 19(5):972-6. PMID: 1686245
#'
#' Kotegawa T, Laurijssens BE, Von Moltke LL, Cotreau MM, Perloff MD,
#' Venkatakrishnan K, Warrington JS, Granda BW, Harmatz JS, Greenblatt DJ
#' (2002). In vitro, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic interactions of
#' ketoconazole and midazolam in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 302(3):1228-37.
#' PMID: 12183684
#'
#' Krug AK, Kolde R, Gaspar JA, Rempel E, Balmer NV, Meganathan K, Vojnits K,
#' Baquie M, Waldmann T, Ensenat-Waser R, Jagtap S, Evans RM, Julien S,
#' Peterson H, Zagoura D, Kadereit S, Gerhard D, Sotiriadou I, Heke M,
#' Natarajan K, Henry M, Winkler J, Marchan R, Stoppini L, Bosgra S, Westerhout
#' J, Verwei M, Vilo J, Kortenkamp A, Hescheler J, Hothorn L, Bremer S, van
#' Thriel C, Krause KH, Hengstler JG, Rahnenfuhrer J, Leist M, Sachinidis A
#' (2013). Human embryonic stem cell-derived test systems for developmental
#' neurotoxicity: a transcriptomics approach. Arch Toxicol. 87(1):123-43. PMID:
#' 23179753
#'
#' Leon-Reyes MR, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Ortiz MI (2009). Pharmacokinetic of
#' diclofenac in the presence and absence of glibenclamide in the rat. J Pharm
#' Pharm Sci. 12(3):280-7. PMID: 20067705
#'
#' Nagata M, Hidaka M, Sekiya H, Kawano Y, Yamasaki K, Okumura M, Arimori K
#' (2007). Effects of pomegranate juice on human cytochrome P450 2C9 and
#' tolbutamide pharmacokinetics in rats. Drug Metab Dispos. 35(2):302-5. PMID:
#' 17132763
#'
#' Okiyama M, Ueno K, Ohmori S, Igarashi T, Kitagawa H (1988). Drug
#' interactions between imipramine and benzodiazepines in rats. J Pharm Sci.
#' 77(1):56-63. PMID: 2894451
#'
#' Pelissier-Alicot AL, Schreiber-Deturmeny E, Simon N, Gantenbein M,
#' Bruguerolle B (2002). Time-of-day dependent pharmacodynamic and
#' pharmacokinetic profiles of caffeine in rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch
#' Pharmacol. 365(4):318-25. PMID: 11919657
#'
#' Piersma AH, Bosgra S, van Duursen MB, Hermsen SA, Jonker LR, Kroese ED, van
#' der Linden SC, Man H, Roelofs MJ, Schulpen SH, Schwarz M, Uibel F, van
#' Vugt-Lussenburg BM, Westerhout J, Wolterbeek AP, van der Burg B (2013).
#' Evaluation of an alternative in vitro test battery for detecting
#' reproductive toxicants. Reprod Toxicol. 38:53-64. PMID: 23511061
#'
#' Pollack GM, Li RC, Ermer JC, Shen DD (1985). Effects of route of
#' administration and repetitive dosing on the disposition kinetics of
#' di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and its mono-de-esterified metabolite in rats.
#' Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. Jun 30;79(2):246-56. PMID: 4002226
#'
#' Saadeddin A, Torres-Molina F, Carcel-Trullols J, Araico A, Peris JE (2004).
#' Pharmacokinetics of the time-dependent elimination of all-trans-retinoic
#' acid in rats. AAPS J. 6(1):1-9. PMID: 18465253
#'
#' Satterwhite JH, Boudinot FD (1991). Effects of age and dose on the
#' pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in the rat. Drug Metab Dispos. 19(1):61-7.
#' PMID: 1673423
#'
#' Szymura-Oleksiak J, Panas M, Chrusciel W (1983). Pharmacokinetics of
#' imipramine after single and multiple intravenous administration in rats. Pol
#' J Pharmacol Pharm. 35(2):151-7. PMID: 6622297
#'
#' Tanaka C, Kawai R, Rowland M (2000). Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics of
#' cyclosporin A in rats: events in tissues. Drug Metab Dispos. 28(5):582-9.
#' PMID: 10772639
#'
#' Timchalk C, Nolan RJ, Mendrala AL, Dittenber DA, Brzak KA, Mattsson JL
#' (2002). A Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
#' (PBPK/PD) model for the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in rats and
#' humans. Toxicol Sci. Mar;66(1):34-53. PMID: 11861971
#'
#' Tokuma Y, Sekiguchi M, Niwa T, Noguchi H (1988). Pharmacokinetics of
#' nilvadipine, a new dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, in mice, rats,
#' rabbits and dogs. Xenobiotica 18(1):21-8. PMID: 3354229
#'
#' Treiber A, Schneiter R, Delahaye S, Clozel M (2004). Inhibition of organic
#' anion transporting polypeptide-mediated hepatic uptake is the major
#' determinant in the pharmacokinetic interaction between bosentan and
#' cyclosporin A in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 308(3):1121-9. PMID:
#' 14617681
#'
#' Tsui BC, Feng JD, Buckley SJ, Yeung PK (1994). Pharmacokinetics and
#' metabolism of diltiazem in rats following a single intra-arterial or single
#' oral dose. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 19(4):369-73. PMID: 7737239
#'
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#'
#' Wang Y, Roy A, Sun L, Lau CE (1999). A double-peak phenomenon in the
#' pharmacokinetics of alprazolam after oral administration. Drug Metab Dispos.
#' 27(8):855-9. PMID: 10421610
#'
#' Wang X, Lee WY, Or PM, Yeung JH (2010). Pharmacokinetic interaction studies
#' of tanshinones with tolbutamide, a model CYP2C11 probe substrate, using
#' liver microsomes, primary hepatocytes and in vivo in the rat. Phytomedicine.
#' 17(3-4):203-11. PMID: 19679455
#'
#' Yang SH, Lee MG (2008). Dose-independent pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in
#' rats: contribution of hepatic and intestinal first-pass effects to low
#' bioavailability. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 29(7):414-26. PMID: 18697186
#'
#' Yeung PK, Alcos A, Tang J (2009). Pharmacokinetics and Hemodynamic Effects
#' of Diltiazem in Rats Following Single vs Multiple Doses In Vivo. Open Drug
#' Metab J. 3:56-62.
#' @source Wambaugh et al. 2018 Toxicological Sciences, in press
#' @keywords data
"chem.invivo.PK.summary.data"
#' Parameter Estimates from Wambaugh et al. (2018)
#'
#' This table includes 1 and 2 compartment fits of plasma concentration vs time
#' data aggregated from chem.invivo.PK.data, performed in Wambaugh et al. 2018.
#' Data includes volume of distribution (Vdist, L/kg), elimination rate (kelim,
#' 1/h), gut absorption rate (kgutabs, 1/h), fraction absorbed (Fgutabs), and
#' steady state concentration (Css, mg/L).
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @author John Wambaugh
#' @source Wambaugh et al. 2018 Toxicological Sciences, in press
#' @keywords data
"chem.invivo.PK.aggregate.data"
#' Raw Bayesian in vitro Toxicokinetic Data Analysis from Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#' These data are the new HTTK in vitro data for chemicals reported in Wambaugh
#' et al. (2019) They
#' are the output of different Bayesian models evaluated to compare using a
#' single protein concentration vs. the new three concentration titration
#' protocol. These data summarize the results of Bayesian analysis of the in vitro
#' toxicokinetic experiments conducted by Cyprotex to characterize fraction
#' unbound in the presence of pooled human plasma protein and the intrnsic
#' hepatic clearance of the chemical by pooled human hepatocytes.
#' This file includes replicates (diferent CompoundName id's but same chemical')
#'
#' @format A data frame with 530 rows and 28 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{DTXSID}{Identifier for CompTox Chemical Dashboard}
#' \item{Name}{The name of the chemical}
#' \item{CAS}{The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number}
#' \item{CompoundName}{Sample name provided by EPA to Cyprotex}
#' \item{Fup.point}{Point estimate of the fraction of
#' chemical free in the presence of plasma}
#' \item{Base.Fup.Med}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for
#' fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of 100%
#' physiological plasma protein data only (base model)}
#' \item{Base.Fup.Low}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of 100%
#' physiological plasma protein data only (base model)}
#' \item{Base.Fup.High}{Upper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of 100%
#' physiological plasma protein data only (base model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Fup.Med}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for
#' fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Fup.Low}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Fup.High}{Upper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for fraction of chemical free in the presence of plasma for analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Kd.Med}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for
#' protein binding affinity from analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Kd.Low}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for protein binding affinity from analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Affinity.Kd.High}{Upper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for protein binding affinity from analysis of protein
#' titration protocol data (affinity model)}
#' \item{Decreases.Prob}{Probability that the chemical concentration decreased
#' systematiclally during hepatic clearance assay.}
#' \item{Saturates.Prob}{Probability that the rate of chemical concentration
#' decrease varied between the 1 and 10 uM hepatic clearance experiments.}
#' \item{Slope.1uM.Median}{Estimated slope for chemcial concentration decrease
#' in the 1 uM hepatic clearance assay.}
#' \item{Slope.10uM.Median}{Estimated slope for chemcial concentration decrease
#' in the 10 uM hepatic clearance assay.}
#' \item{CLint.1uM.Median}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for intrinsic
#' hepatic clearance at 1 uM initital chemical concentration (uL/min/million hepatocytes)]}
#' \item{CLint.1uM.Low95th}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance at 1 uM initital chemical
#' concentration (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{CLint.1uM.High95th}{Uppper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance at 1 uM initital chemical
#' concentration(uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{CLint.10uM.Median}{Median of Bayesian credible interval for intrinsic
#' hepatic clearance at 10 uM initital chemical concentration (uL/min/million hepatocytes)]}
#' \item{CLint.10uM.Low95th}{Lower 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance at 10 uM initital chemical
#' concentration (uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{CLint.10uM.High95th}{Uppper 95th percentile of Bayesian credible
#' interval for intrinsic hepatic clearance at 10 uM initital chemical
#' concentration(uL/min/million hepatocytes)}
#' \item{CLint.1uM.Point}{Point estimate of intrinsic hepatic clearance
#' (uL/min/million hepatocytes) for 1 uM initial chemical concentration}
#' \item{CLint.10uM.Point}{Point estimate of intrinsic hepatic clearance
#' (uL/min/million hepatocytes) for 10 uM initial chemical concentration}
#' \item{Fit}{Classification of clearance observed}
#' \item{SMILES}{Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System structure
#' description}
#' }
#' @source Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author John Wambaugh
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"wambaugh2019.raw"
#' NHANES Chemical Intake Rates for chemicals in Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#' These data are a subset of the Bayesian inferrences reported by Ring et al.
#' (2017) from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
#' National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). They reflect the
#' populaton median intake rate (mg/kg body weight/day), with uncertainty.
#'
#' @format A data frame with 20 rows and 4 variables:
#' \describe{
#' \item{lP}{The median of the Bayesian credible interval for median population
#' intake rate (mg/kg bodyweight/day)}
#' \item{lP.min}{The lower 95th percentile of the Bayesian credible interval for median population
#' intake rate (mg/kg bodyweight/day)}
#' \item{lP.max}{The upper 95th percentile of the Bayesian credible interval for median population
#' intake rate (mg/kg bodyweight/day)}
#' \item{CASRN}{The Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number}
#' }
#' @source Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author John Wambaugh
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Identifying populations sensitive to
#' evironmental chemicals by simulating toxicokinetic variability." Environment
#' international 106 (2017): 105-118
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"wambaugh2019.nhanes"
#' ExpoCast SEEM3 Consensus Exposure Model Predictions for Chemical Intake Rates
#'
#' These data are a subset of the Bayesian inferrences reported by Ring et al.
#' (2019) for a consensus model of twelve exposue predictors. The predictors
#' were calibrated based upon their ability to predict intake rates inferred
# 'from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
#' National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). They reflect the
#' populaton median intake rate (mg/kg body weight/day), with uncertainty.
#'
#' @format A data frame with 385 rows and 38 variables:
#' @source Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#'
#'@keywords data
#'
#'@author John Wambaugh
#'
#'@references Ring, Caroline L., et al. "Consensus modeling of median chemical
#' intake for the US population based on predictions of exposure pathways."
#' Environmental science & technology 53.2 (2018): 719-732.
#'
#'@references Wambaugh et al. (2019) "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#'Variability in Risk Prioritization", Toxicological Sciences, 172(2), 235-251.
"wambaugh2019.seem3"
#' Physico-chemical properties and in vitro measurements for toxicokinetics
#'
#' This data set contains the necessary information to make basic,
#' high-throughput toxicokinetic (HTTK) predictions for compounds, including
#' Funbound.plasma, molecular weight (g/mol), logP, logMA (membrane affinity),
#' intrinsic clearance(uL/min/10^6 cells), and pKa. These data have been
#' compiled from multiple sources, and can be used to parameterize a variety of
#' toxicokinetic models. See variable EPA.ref for information on the reference EPA.
#'
#' In some cases the rapid equilbrium dailysis method (Waters et al., 2008)
#' fails to yield detectable concentrations for the free fraction of chemical.
#' In those cases we assume the compound is highly bound (that is, Fup approaches
#' zero). For some calculations (for example, steady-state plasma concentration)
#' there is precendent (Rotroff et al., 2010) for using half the average limit
#' of detection, that is 0.005. We do not recomend using other models where
#' quantities like partition coefficients must be predicted using Fup. We also
#' do not recomend including the value 0.005 in training sets for Fup predictive
#' models.
#'
#' \strong{Note} that in some cases the \strong{Funbound.plasma} and the
#' \strong{intrinsic clearance} are
#' \emph{provided as a series of numbers separated by commas}. These values are the
#' result of Bayesian analysis and characterize a distribution: the first value
#' is the median of the distribution, while the second and third values are the
#' lower and upper 95th percentile (that is qunatile 2.5 and 97.5) respectively.
#' For intrinsic clearance a fourth value indicating a p-value for a decrease is
#' provided. Typically 4000 samples were used for the Bayesian analusis, such
#' that a p-value of "0" is equivale to "<0.00025". See Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#' for more details.
#'
#' Any one chemical compound \emph{may have multiple ionization equilibria}
#' (see Strope et al., 2018) may both for donating or accepting a proton (and
#' therefore changing charge state). If there are multiple equlibria of the same
#' type (donor/accept])the are concatonated by commas.
#'
#' All species-specific information is initially from experimental measurements.
#' The functions \code{\link{load_sipes2017}}, \code{\link{load_pradeep2020}},
#' and \code{\link{load_dawson2021}} may be used to add in silico, structure-based
#' predictions for many thousands of additional compounds to this table.
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 9411 rows and 54 columns.
#' \tabular{lll}{
#' \strong{Column Name} \tab \strong{Description} \tab \strong{Units} \cr
#' Compound \tab The preferred name of the chemical compound \tab none \cr
#' CAS\tab The preferred Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number \tab none \cr
#' CAS.Checksum \tab A logical indicating whether the CAS number is valid \tab none \cr
#' DTXSID \tab DSSTox Structure ID
#' (\url{http://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard}) \tab none \cr
#' Formula \tab The proportions of atoms within the chemical compound \tab none \cr
#' SMILES.desalt \tab The simplified molecular-input line-entry system
#' structure \tab none \cr
#' All.Compound.Names \tab All names of the chemical as they occured in the
#' data \tab none \cr
#' logHenry \tab The log10 Henry's law constant \tab
#' log10(atmosphers*m^3/mole) \cr
#' logHenry.Reference \tab Reference for Henry's law constant \tab \cr
#' logP \tab The log10 octanol:water partition coefficient (PC)\tab log10 unitless ratio \cr
#' logP.Reference \tab Reference for logPow \tab \cr
#' logPwa \tab The log10 water:air PC \tab log10 unitless ratio \cr
#' logPwa.Reference \tab Reference for logPwa \tab \cr
#' logMA \tab The log10 phospholipid:water PC or
#' "Membrane affinity" \tab unitless ratio \cr
#' logMA.Reference \tab Reference for membrane affinity \tab \cr #' logWSol \tab The log10 water solubility \tab log10(mole/L) \cr
#' logWSol.Reference \tab Reference for logWsol \tab \cr
#' MP \tab The chemical compound melting point \tab degrees Celsius \cr
#' MP.Reference \tab Reference for melting point \tab \cr
#' MW \tab The chemical compound molecular weight \tab g/mol \cr
#' MW.Reference \tab Reference for molecular weight \tab \cr
#' pKa_Accept \tab The hydrogen acceptor equilibria concentrations
#' \tab logarithm \cr
#' pKa_Accept.Reference \tab Reference for pKa_Accept \tab \cr
#' pKa_Donor \tab The hydrogen acceptor equilibria concentrations
#' \tab logarithm \cr
#' pKa_Donor.Reference \tab Reference for pKa_Donor \tab \cr
#' All.Species \tab All species for which data were available \tab none \cr
#' DTXSID.Reference \tab Reference for DTXSID \tab \cr
#' Formula.Reference \tab Reference for chemical formulat \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Clint \tab (Primary hepatocyte suspension)
#' intrinsic hepatic clearance \tab uL/min/10^6 hepatocytes \cr
#' [SPECIES].Clint.pValue \tab Probability that there is no clearance observed. \tab none \cr
#' [SPECIES].Clint.pValue.Ref \tab Reference for Clint pValue \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Clint.Reference \tab Reference for Clint \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Fgutabs \tab Fraction of chemical absorbed from the
#' gut \tab unitless fraction \cr
#' [SPECIES].Fgutabs.Reference \tab Reference for Fgutabs \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Funbound.plasma \tab Chemical fraction unbound in presence of
#' plasma proteins \tab unitless fraction \cr
#' [SPECIES].Funbound.plasma.Ref\tab Reference for Funbound.plasma \tab \cr
#' [SPECIES].Rblood2plasma \tab Chemical concentration blood to plasma ratio \tab unitless ratio \cr
#' [SPECIES].Rblood2plasma.Ref \tab Reference for Rblood2plasma \tab \cr
#' SMILES.desalt.Reference"\tab Reference for SMILES structure \tab \cr
#' Chemical.Class \tab All classes to which the chemical has been assigned \tab \cr
#' }
#' @author John Wambaugh
#'
#' @references CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (\url{http://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard})
#'
#' EPI Suite, https://www.epa.gov/opptintr/exposure/pubs/episuite.htm
#'
#' Brown, Hayley S., Michael Griffin, and J. Brian Houston. "Evaluation of
#' cryopreserved human hepatocytes as an alternative in vitro system to
#' microsomes for the prediction of metabolic clearance." Drug metabolism and
#' disposition 35.2 (2007): 293-301.
#'
#' Gulden, Michael, et al. "Impact of protein binding on the availability and
#' cytotoxic potency of organochlorine pesticides and chlorophenols in vitro."
#' Toxicology 175.1-3 (2002): 201-213.
#'
#' Hilal, S., Karickhoff, S. and Carreira, L. (1995). A rigorous test for
#' SPARC's chemical reactivity models: Estimation of more than 4300 ionization
#' pKas. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 14(4), 348-355.
#'
#' Honda, G. S., Pearce, R. G., Pham, L. L., Setzer, R. W., Wetmore, B. A.,
#' Sipes, N. S., ... & Wambaugh, J. F. (2019). Using the concordance of in
#' vitro and in vivo data to evaluate extrapolation assumptions. PloS one,
#' 14(5), e0217564.
#'
#' Ito, K. and Houston, J. B. (2004). Comparison of the use of liver models for
#' predicting drug clearance using in vitro kinetic data from hepatic
#' microsomes and isolated hepatocytes. Pharm Res 21(5), 785-92.
#'
#' Jones, O. A., Voulvoulis, N. and Lester, J. N. (2002). Aquatic environmental
#' assessment of the top 25 English prescription pharmaceuticals. Water
#' research 36(20), 5013-22.
#'
#' Jones, Barry C., et al. "An investigation into the prediction of in vivo
#' clearance for a range of flavin-containing monooxygenase substrates."
#' Drug metabolism and disposition 45.10 (2017): 1060-1067.
#'
#' Lau, Y. Y., Sapidou, E., Cui, X., White, R. E. and Cheng, K. C. (2002).
#' Development of a novel in vitro model to predict hepatic clearance using
#' fresh, cryopreserved, and sandwich-cultured hepatocytes. Drug Metabolism and
#' Disposition 30(12), 1446-54.
#'
#' Linakis, M. W., Sayre, R. R., Pearce, R. G., Sfeir, M. A., Sipes, N. S.,
#' Pangburn, H. A., ... & Wambaugh, J. F. (2020). Development and evaluation of
#' a high-throughput inhalation model for organic chemicals. Journal of
#' Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 1-12.
#'
#' Lombardo, F., Berellini, G., & Obach, R. S. (2018). Trend analysis of a
#' database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 1352 drug
#' compounds. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 46(11), 1466-1477.
#'
#' McGinnity, D. F., Soars, M. G., Urbanowicz, R. A. and Riley, R. J. (2004).
#' Evaluation of fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes as in vitro drug
#' metabolism tools for the prediction of metabolic clearance. Drug Metabolism
#' and Disposition 32(11), 1247-53, 10.1124/dmd.104.000026.
#'
#' Naritomi, Y., Terashita, S., Kagayama, A. and Sugiyama, Y. (2003). Utility
#' of Hepatocytes in Predicting Drug Metabolism: Comparison of Hepatic
#' Intrinsic Clearance in Rats and Humans in Vivo and in Vitro. Drug Metabolism
#' and Disposition 31(5), 580-588, 10.1124/dmd.31.5.580.
#'
#' Obach, R. S. (1999). Prediction of human clearance of twenty-nine drugs from
#' hepatic microsomal intrinsic clearance data: An examination of in vitro
#' half-life approach and nonspecific binding to microsomes. Drug Metabolism
#' and Disposition 27(11), 1350-9.
#'
#' Paini, Alicia; Cole, Thomas; Meinero, Maria; Carpi, Donatella; Deceuninck,
#' Pierre; Macko, Peter; Palosaari, Taina; Sund, Jukka; Worth, Andrew; Whelan,
#' Maurice (2020): EURL ECVAM in vitro hepatocyte clearance and blood plasma
#' protein binding dataset for 77 chemicals. European Commission, Joint Research
#' Centre (JRC) [Dataset] PID: https://data.europa.eu/89h/a2ff867f-db80-4acf-8e5c-e45502713bee
#'
#' Paixao, P., Gouveia, L. F., & Morais, J. A. (2012). Prediction of the human
#' oral bioavailability by using in vitro and in silico drug related parameters
#' in a physiologically based absorption model. International journal of
#' pharmaceutics, 429(1), 84-98.
#'
#' Pirovano, Alessandra, et al. "QSARs for estimating intrinsic hepatic
#' clearance of organic chemicals in humans." Environmental toxicology and
#' pharmacology 42 (2016): 190-197.
#'
#' Riley, Robert J., Dermot F. McGinnity, and Rupert P. Austin. "A unified
#' model for predicting human hepatic, metabolic clearance from in vitro
#' intrinsic clearance data in hepatocytes and microsomes." Drug Metabolism and
#' Disposition 33.9 (2005): 1304-1311.
#'
#' Schmitt, W. (2008). General approach for the calculation of tissue to plasma
#' partition coefficients. Toxicology in vitro : an international journal
#' published in association with BIBRA 22(2), 457-67,
#' 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.09.010.
#'
#' Shibata, Y., Takahashi, H., Chiba, M. and Ishii, Y. (2002). Prediction of
#' Hepatic Clearance and Availability by Cryopreserved Human Hepatocytes: An
#' Application of Serum Incubation Method. Drug Metabolism and Disposition
#' 30(8), 892-896, 10.1124/dmd.30.8.892.
#'
#' Sohlenius-Sternbeck, Anna-Karin, et al. "Practical use of the regression
#' offset approach for the prediction of in vivo intrinsic clearance from
#' hepatocytes." Xenobiotica 42.9 (2012): 841-853.
#'
#' Tonnelier, A., Coecke, S. and Zaldivar, J.-M. (2012). Screening of chemicals
#' for human bioaccumulative potential with a physiologically based
#' toxicokinetic model. Archives of Toxicology 86(3), 393-403,
#' 10.1007/s00204-011-0768-0.
#'
#' Uchimura, Takahide, et al. "Prediction of human blood-to-plasma drug
#' concentration ratio." Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition 31.5-6 (2010):
#' 286-297.
#'
#' Wambaugh, J. F., Wetmore, B. A., Ring, C. L., Nicolas, C. I., Pearce, R. G.,
#' Honda, G. S., ... & Badrinarayanan, A. (2019). Assessing Toxicokinetic
#' Uncertainty and Variability in Risk Prioritization. Toxicological Sciences,
#' 172(2), 235-251.
#'
#' Wetmore, B. A., Wambaugh, J. F., Ferguson, S. S., Sochaski, M. A., Rotroff,
#' D. M., Freeman, K., Clewell, H. J., 3rd, Dix, D. J., Andersen, M. E., Houck,
#' K. A., Allen, B., Judson, R. S., Singh, R., Kavlock, R. J., Richard, A. M.
#' and Thomas, R. S. (2012). Integration of dosimetry, exposure, and
#' high-throughput screening data in chemical toxicity assessment.
#' Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology
#' 125(1), 157-74, 10.1093/toxsci/kfr254.
#'
#' Wetmore, B. A., Wambaugh, J. F., Ferguson, S. S., Li, L., Clewell, H. J.,
#' Judson, R. S., Freeman, K., Bao, W., Sochaski, M. A., Chu, T.-M., Black, M.
#' B., Healy, E., Allen, B., Andersen, M. E., Wolfinger, R. D. and Thomas, R.
#' S. (2013). Relative Impact of Incorporating Pharmacokinetics on Predicting
#' In Vivo Hazard and Mode of Action from High-Throughput In Vitro Toxicity
#' Assays. Toxicological Sciences 132(2), 327-346, 10.1093/toxsci/kft012.
#'
#' Wetmore, B. A., Wambaugh, J. F., Allen, B., Ferguson, S. S., Sochaski, M.
#' A., Setzer, R. W., Houck, K. A., Strope, C. L., Cantwell, K., Judson, R. S.,
#' LeCluyse, E., Clewell, H.J. III, Thomas, R.S., and Andersen, M. E. (2015).
#' "Incorporating High-Throughput Exposure Predictions with Dosimetry-Adjusted
#' In Vitro Bioactivity to Inform Chemical Toxicity Testing" Toxicological
#' Sciences, kfv171.
#'
#' F. L. Wood, J. B. Houston and D. Hallifax
#' 'Drug Metabolism and Disposition November 1, 2017, 45 (11) 1178-1188;
#' DOI: https://doi.org/10.1124/dmd.117.077040
#' @source Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#' @keywords data
"chem.physical_and_invitro.data"
#' Tox21 2015 Active Hit Calls (EPA)
#'
#' The ToxCast and Tox21 research programs employ batteries of high-throughput
#' assays to assess chemical bioactivity in vitro. Not every chemical is tested
#' through every assay. Most assays are conducted in concentration response,
#' and each corresponding assay endpoint is analyzed statistically to determine
#' if there is a concentration-dependent response or "hit" using the ToxCast
#' Pipeline. Most assay endpoint-chemical combinations are non-responsive.
#' Here, only the hits are treated as potential indicators of bioactivity. This
#' bioactivity does not have a direct toxicological interpretation. The October
#' 2015 release (invitrodb_v2) of the ToxCast and Tox21 data were used for this
#' analysis. This object contains just the chemicals in Wambaugh et al. (2019)
#' and only the quantiles across all assays for the ACC.
#'
#' @name wambaugh2019.tox21
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.table with 401 rows and 6 columns
#' @author John Wambaugh
#' @references Kavlock, Robert, et al. "Update on EPA's ToxCast program:
#' providing high-throughput decision support tools for chemical risk
#' management." Chemical research in toxicology 25.7 (2012): 1287-1302.
#'
#' Tice, Raymond R., et al. "Improving the human hazard characterization of
#' chemicals: a Tox21 update." Environmental health perspectives 121.7 (2013):
#' 756-765.
#'
#' Richard, Ann M., et al. "ToxCast chemical landscape: paving the road to 21st
#' century toxicology." Chemical research in toxicology 29.8 (2016): 1225-1251.
#'
#' Filer, Dayne L., et al. "tcpl: the ToxCast pipeline for high-throughput
#' screening data." Bioinformatics 33.4 (2016): 618-620.
#'
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Assessing Toxicokinetic Uncertainty and
#' Variability in Risk Prioritization." Toxicological Sciences 172.2 (2019):
#' 235-251.
#'
#'
#' @source \url{ftp://newftp.epa.gov/COMPTOX/High_Throughput_Screening_Data/Previous_Data/ToxCast_Data_Release_Oct_2015/}
#' @keywords data
"wambaugh2019.tox21"
#' Howgate 2006
#'
#' This data set is only used in Vignette 5.
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.table containing 24 rows and 11 columns.
#' @keywords data
#' @author Caroline Ring
#' @references
#' Howgate, E. M., et al. "Prediction of in vivo drug clearance from in vitro
#' data. I: impact of inter-individual variability." Xenobiotica 36.6 (2006):
#' 473-497.
"howgate"
#' Johnson 2006
#'
#' This data set is only used in Vignette 5.
#'
#' @docType data
#'
#' @format A data.table containing 60 rows and 11 columns.
#'
#' @author Caroline Ring
#' @references
#' Johnson, Trevor N., Amin Rostami-Hodjegan, and Geoffrey T. Tucker.
#' "Prediction of the clearance of eleven drugs and associated variability in
#' neonates, infants and children." Clinical pharmacokinetics 45.9 (2006):
#' 931-956.
#'
#' @keywords data
"johnson"
#' Published Pharmacokinetic Parameters from Obach et al. 2008
#'
#' This data set is used in Vignette 4 for steady state concentration.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 670 rows and 8 columns.
#' @references Obach, R. Scott, Franco Lombardo, and Nigel J. Waters. "Trend
#' analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans
#' for 670 drug compounds." Drug Metabolism and Disposition 36.7 (2008):
#' 1385-1405.
#' @keywords data
"Obach2008"
#' NHANES Exposure Data
#'
#' This data set is only used in Vignette 6.
#'
#' @docType data
#'
#' @format A data.table containing 1060 rows and 5 columns.
#'
#' @author Caroline Ring
#'
#' @references
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "High throughput heuristics for prioritizing human
#' exposure to environmental chemicals." Environmental science & technology
#' 48.21 (2014): 12760-12767.
#'
#' @keywords data
"onlyp"
#' Partition Coefficient Data
#'
#' Measured rat in vivo partition coefficients and data for predicting them.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame.
#' @author Jimena Davis and Robert Pearce
#' @references Schmitt, W., General approach for the calculation of tissue to
#' plasma partition coefficients. Toxicology in Vitro, 2008. 22(2): p. 457-467.
#'
#' Schmitt, W., Corrigendum to:"General approach for the calculation of tissue
#' to plasma partition coefficients"[Toxicology in Vitro 22 (2008) 457-467].
#' Toxicology in Vitro, 2008. 22(6): p. 1666.
#'
#' Poulin, P. and F.P. Theil, A priori prediction of tissue: plasma partition
#' coefficients of drugs to facilitate the use of physiologically based
#' pharmacokinetic models in drug discovery. Journal of pharmaceutical
#' sciences, 2000. 89(1): p. 16-35.
#'
#' Rodgers, T. and M. Rowland, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling
#' 2: predicting the tissue distribution of acids, very weak bases, neutrals
#' and zwitterions. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2006. 95(6): p.
#' 1238-1257.
#'
#' Rodgers, T., D. Leahy, and M. Rowland, Physiologically based pharmacokinetic
#' modeling 1: predicting the tissue distribution of moderate-to-strong bases.
#' Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005. 94(6): p. 1259-1276.
#'
#' Rodgers, T., D. Leahy, and M. Rowland, Tissue distribution of basic drugs:
#' Accounting for enantiomeric, compound and regional differences amongst
#' beta-blocking drugs in rat. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 2005. 94(6):
#' p. 1237-1248.
#'
#' Gueorguieva, I., et al., Development of a whole body physiologically based
#' model to characterise the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines. 1: Estimation
#' of rat tissue-plasma partition ratios. Journal of pharmacokinetics and
#' pharmacodynamics, 2004. 31(4): p. 269-298.
#'
#' Poulin, P., K. Schoenlein, and F.P. Theil, Prediction of adipose tissue:
#' plasma partition coefficients for structurally unrelated drugs. Journal of
#' pharmaceutical sciences, 2001. 90(4): p. 436-447.
#'
#' Bjorkman, S., Prediction of the volume of distribution of a drug: which
#' tissue-plasma partition coefficients are needed? Journal of pharmacy and
#' pharmacology, 2002. 54(9): p. 1237-1245.
#'
#' Yun, Y. and A. Edginton, Correlation-based prediction of tissue-to-plasma
#' partition coefficients using readily available input parameters.
#' Xenobiotica, 2013. 43(10): p. 839-852.
#'
#' Uchimura, T., et al., Prediction of human blood-to-plasma drug concentration
#' ratio. Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition, 2010. 31(5-6): p. 286-297.
#' @keywords data
"pc.data"
#' Species-specific physiology parameters
#'
#' This data set contains values from Davies and Morris (1993) necessary to
#' paramaterize a toxicokinetic model for human, mouse, rat, dog, or rabbit.
#' The temperature for each species are taken from Robertshaw et al. (2004),
#' Gordon (1993), and Stammers(1926).
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 11 rows and 7 columns.
#' @author John Wambaugh and Nisha Sipes
#' @references Davies, B. and Morris, T. (1993). Physiological Parameters in
#' Laboratory Animals and Humans. Pharmaceutical Research 10(7), 1093-1095,
#' 10.1023/a:1018943613122. %gfr and other flows Anderson and Holford (2009)
#' %scaling gfr by 3/4 Robertshaw, D., Temperature Regulation and Thermal
#' Environment, in Dukes' Physiology of Domestic Animals, 12th ed., Reece W.O.,
#' Ed. Copyright 2004 by Cornell University. Stammers (1926) The blood count
#' and body temperature in normal rats Gordon (1993) Temperature Regulation in
#' Laboratory Rodents
#' @source Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#' @keywords data
"physiology.data"
#' Tissue composition and species-specific physiology parameters
#'
#' This data set contains values from Schmitt (2008) and Ruark et al. (2014)
#' describing the composition of specific tissues and from Birnbaum et al.
#' (1994) describing volumes of and blood flows to those tissues, allowing
#' parameterization of toxicokinetic models for human, mouse, rat, dog, or
#' rabbit. Tissue volumes were calculated by converting the fractional mass of
#' each tissue with its density (both from ICRP), lumping the remaining tissues
#' into the rest-of-body, excluding the mass of the gastrointestinal contents
#'
#' New tissues can be added to this table to generate
#' their partition coefficients.
#'
#' The tissue data needed for calculating partition coefficients include:
#' cellular and water fractions of
#' total volume, lipid and protein fractions of cellular volume, lipid
#' fractions of the total lipid volume, the pH of each tissue,
#' and the fractional volume of protein in plasma.
#'
#' @seealso \code{\link{predict_partitioning_schmitt}}
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 13 rows and 20 columns.
#' @author John Wambaugh, Robert Pearce, and Nisha Sipes
#' @references Birnbaum, L and Brown, R and Bischoff, K and Foran, J and
#' Blancato, J and Clewell, H and Dedrick, R (1994). Physiological parameter
#' values for PBPK model. International Life Sciences Institute, Risk Science
#' Institute, Washington, DC
#'
#' Ruark, Christopher D., et al. "Predicting passive and active tissue: plasma
#' partition coefficients: Interindividual and interspecies variability."
#' Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 103.7 (2014): 2189-2198.
#'
#' Schmitt, W. (2008). General approach for the calculation of tissue to plasma
#' partition coefficients. Toxicology in vitro : an international journal
#' published in association with BIBRA 22(2), 457-67,
#' 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.09.010.
#'
#' ICRP. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man. ICRP Publication 23 1975
#' @source Pearce et al. (2017), in preparation,
#'
#' Wambaugh, John F., et al. "Toxicokinetic triage for environmental
#' chemicals." Toxicological Sciences (2015): 228-237.
#'
#' @examples
#' # We can add thyroid to the tissue data by making a row containing
#' # its data, subtracting the volumes and flows from the rest-of-body,
#' # and binding the row to tissue.data. Here we assume it contains the same
#' # partition coefficient data as the spleen and a tenth of the volume and
#' # blood flow:
#' new.tissue <- subset(tissue.data,Tissue == "spleen")
#' new.tissue[, "Tissue"] <- "thyroid"
#' new.tissue[new.tissue$variable %in% c("Vol (L/kg)",
#' "Flow (mL/min/kg^(3/4))"),"value"] <- new.tissue[new.tissue$variable
#' %in% c("Vol (L/kg)","Flow (mL/min/kg^(3/4))"),"value"] / 10
#' tissue.data[tissue.data$Tissue == "rest", "value"] <-
#' tissue.data[tissue.data$Tissue == "rest", "value"] -
#' new.tissue[new.tissue$variable %in% c("Vol (L/kg)",
#' "Flow (mL/min/kg^(3/4))"),"value"]
#' tissue.data <- rbind(tissue.data, new.tissue)
#'
#' @keywords data
"tissue.data"
#' Published toxicokinetic predictions based on in vitro data from Wetmore et
#' al. 2012.
#'
#' This data set overlaps with Wetmore.data and is used only in Vignette 4 for
#' steady state concentration.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing 13 rows and 15 columns.
#' @references Wetmore, B.A., Wambaugh, J.F., Ferguson, S.S., Sochaski, M.A.,
#' Rotroff, D.M., Freeman, K., Clewell, H.J., Dix, D.H., Andersen, M.E., Houck,
#' K.A., Allen, B., Judson, R.S., Sing, R., Kavlock, R.J., Richard, A.M., and
#' Thomas, R.S., "Integration of Dosimetry, Exposure and High-Throughput
#' Screening Data in Chemical Toxicity Assessment," Toxicological Sciences 125
#' 157-174 (2012)
#' @keywords data
"Wetmore2012"
#' Metabolism data involved in Linakis 2020 vignette analysis.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing x rows and y columns.
#' @author Matt Linakis
#' @references DSStox database (https:// www.epa.gov/ncct/dsstox
#'
#' @source Matt Linakis
#' @keywords data
"metabolism_data_Linakis2020"
#' Concentration data involved in Linakis 2020 vignette analysis.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing x rows and y columns.
#' @author Matt Linakis
#' @references DSStox database (https:// www.epa.gov/ncct/dsstox
#'
#' @source Matt Linakis
#' @keywords data
"concentration_data_Linakis2020"
#' Supplementary output from Linakis 2020 vignette analysis.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing x rows and y columns.
#' @author Matt Linakis
#' @references DSStox database (https:// www.epa.gov/ncct/dsstox
#'
#' @source Matt Linakis
#' @keywords data
"supptab1_Linakis2020"
#' More supplementary output from Linakis 2020 vignette analysis.
#'
#'
#' @docType data
#' @format A data.frame containing x rows and y columns.
#' @author Matt Linakis
#' @references DSStox database (https:// www.epa.gov/ncct/dsstox
#'
#' @source Matt Linakis
#' @keywords data
"supptab2_Linakis2020"
#' Literature In Vivo Data on Doses Causing Neurological Effects
#'
#' Studies were selected from Table 1 in Mundy et al., 2015, as
#' the studies in that publication were cited as examples of
#' compounds with evidence for developmental neurotoxicity. There
#' were sufficient in vitro toxicokinetic data available for this
#' package for only 6 of the 42 chemicals.
#'
#' @docType data
#'
#' @format A data.frame containing 14 rows and 16 columns.
#'
#' @author Timothy J. Shafer
#'
#' @references
#' Frank, Christopher L., et al. "Defining toxicological tipping points
#' in neuronal network development." Toxicology and Applied
#' Pharmacology 354 (2018): 81-93.
#'
#' Mundy, William R., et al. "Expanding the test set: Chemicals with
#' potential to disrupt mammalian brain development." Neurotoxicology
#' and Teratology 52 (2015): 25-35.
#'
#' @keywords data
"Frank2018invivo"
#' Pearce et al. 2017 data
#'
#' This table includes the adjusted and unadjusted regression parameter
#' estimates for the chemical-specifc plasma
#' protein unbound fraction (fup) in 12 different tissue types.
#'
#' Predictions were made with regression models,
#' as reported in Pearce et al. (2017).
#'
#' @name pearce2017regression
#' @aliases Pearce2017Regression
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @author Robert G. Pearce
#' @references Pearce, Robert G., et al. "Evaluation and calibration of
#' high-throughput predictions of chemical distribution to tissues."
#' Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 44.6 (2017): 549-565.
#' @source Pearce et al. 2017 Regression Models
#' @keywords data
"pearce2017regression"
#' Dawson et al. 2021 data
#'
#' This table includes QSAR (Random Forest) model predicted values for unbound
#' fraction plasma protein (fup) and intrinsic hepatic clearance (clint) for a
#' subset of chemicals in the Tox21 library
#' (see \url{https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/toxicology-testing-21st-century-tox21}).
#'
#' Predictions were made with a set of Random Forest QSAR models,
#' as reported in Dawson et al. (2021).
#'
#' @name dawson2021
#' @aliases Dawson2021
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @author Daniel E. Dawson
#' @references Dawson, Daniel E. et al. "Designing QSARs for parameters
#' of high-throughput toxicokinetic models using open-source descriptors."
#' Environmental Science & Technology____. (2021):______.
#' @source Dawson et al. 2021 Random Forest QSAR Model
#' @keywords data
"dawson2021"
#' Kapraun et al. 2019 data
#'
#' A list object containing time-varying parameters for the human maternal-fetal
#' HTTK model. List elements contain scalar coefficients for the polynomial,
#' logistic, Gompertz, and other functions of time describing blood flow rates,
#' tissue volumes, hematocrits, and other anatomical/physiological quantities
#' that change in the human mother and her fetus during pregnancy and gestation.
#'
#' @name kapraun2019
#' @aliases Kapraun2019
#' @docType data
#' @format list
#' @author Dustin F. Kapraun
#' @references
#' \insertRef{kapraun2019empirical}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2019 Fetal PBTK Model
#' @keywords data
"kapraun2019"
#' Pradeep et al. 2020
#'
#' This table includes Support Vector Machine and Random Forest model predicted
#' values for unbound fraction plasma protein (fup) and intrinsic hepatic
#' clearance (clint) values for a subset of chemicals in the Tox21 library
#' (see \url{https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/toxicology-testing-21st-century-tox21}).
#'
#' Prediction were made with Support Vector Machine and Random Forest models,
#' as reported in Pradeep et al. (2020).
#'
#' @name pradeep2020
#' @aliases Pradeep2020
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{pradeep2020chemstr}{httk}
#' @source Pradeep et al. 2020 Chemical Structure Predictive Models for HTTK
#' @keywords data
"pradeep2020"
#' Aylward et al. 2014
#'
#' Aylward et al. (2014) compiled measurements of the ratio of maternal to fetal
#' cord blood chemical concentrations at birth for a range of chemicals with
#' environmental routes of exposure, including bromodiphenyl ethers, fluorinated
#' compounds, organochlorine pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco smoke
#' components, and vitamins.
#'
#' @name aylward2014
#' @aliases Aylward2014
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{Aylward2014matfet}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"aylward2014"
#' AUCs for Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
#'
#' Dallmann et al. (2018) includes compiled literature descriptions of
#' toxicokinetic summary statistics, including time-integrated plasma
#' concentrations (area under the curve or AUC) for drugs administered to a
#' sample of subjects including both pregnant and non-pregnant women. The
#' circumstances of the dosing varied slightly between drugs and are summarized
#' in the table.
#'
#' @name pregnonpregaucs
#' @aliases pregnonpregaucs
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{dallmann2018pregpbtk}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"pregnonpregaucs"
#' Partition Coefficients from PK-Sim
#'
#' Dallmann et al. (2018) made use of PK-Sim to predict chemical- and tissue-
#' specific partition coefficients. The methods include both the default
#' PK-Sim approach and PK-Sim Standard and Rodgers & Rowland (2006).
#'
#' @name pksim.pcs
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{dallmann2018pregpbtk}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"pksim.pcs"
#' Fetal Partition Coefficients
#'
#' Partition coefficients were measured for tissues, including placenta, in
#' vitro by Csanady et al. (2002) for Bisphenol A and Diadzen. Curley et al.
#' (1969) measured the concentration of a variety of pesticides in the cord
#' blood of newborns and in the tissues of infants that were stillborn.
#'
#' Three of the chemicals studied by Curley et al. (1969) were modeled by
#' Weijs et al. (2013) using the same partition coefficients for mother and
#' fetus. The values used represented "prior knowledge" summarizing the
#' available literature.
#'
#' @name fetalpcs
#' @aliases fetalPCs
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{Csanady2002fetalpc}{httk}
#' \insertRef{Curley1969fetalpc}{httk}
#' \insertRef{Weijs2013fetalpc}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"fetalpcs"
#' Wang et al. 2018
#' Wang et al. (2018) screened the blood of 75 pregnant women for the presence
#' of environmental organic acids (EOAs) and identified mass spectral features
#' corresponding to 453 chemical formulae of which 48 could be mapped to likely
#' structures. Of the 48 with tentative structures the identity of six were
#' confirmed with available chemical standards.
#' @name wang2018
#' @aliases Wang2018
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @references
#' \insertRef{Wang2018matbloodnta}{httk}
#' @source Kapraun et al. 2021 (submitted)
#' @keywords data
"wang2018"
#' ToxCast Example Data
#' The main page for the ToxCast data is here:
#' https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/exploring-toxcast-data-downloadable-data
#' Most useful to us is a single file containing all the hits across all chemcials
#' and assays:
#' https://clowder.edap-cluster.com/datasets/6364026ee4b04f6bb1409eda?space=62bb560ee4b07abf29f88fef
#'
#' As of November, 2022 the most recent version was 3.5 and was available as an
#' .Rdata file (invitrodb_3_5_mc5.Rdata)
#'
#' Unfortunately for this vignette there are too many ToxCast data to fit into a
#' 5mb R package. So we will subset to just the shemicals for the
#' "Intro to IVIVE" vignette and distribute
#' only those data. In addition, out of 78 columns in the data, we will keep only
#' eight.
#' @name example.toxcast
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @keywords data
"example.toxcast"
#' SEEM Example Data
#' We can grab SEEM daily intake rate predictions already in RData format from
#' https://github.com/HumanExposure/SEEM3RPackage/tree/main/SEEM3/data
#' Download the file Ring2018Preds.RData
#'
#' We do not have the space to distribute all the SEEM predictions within
#' this R package, but we can give you our "Intro to IVIVE" example chemicals
#' @name example.seem
#' @docType data
#' @format data.frame
#' @keywords data
"example.seem"
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