Nothing
npuniden.sc <- function(X=NULL,
Y=NULL,
h=NULL,
a=0,
b=1,
lb=NULL,
ub=NULL,
extend.range=0,
num.grid=0,
function.distance=TRUE,
integral.equal=FALSE,
constraint=c("density",
"mono.incr",
"mono.decr",
"concave",
"convex",
"log-concave",
"log-convex")) {
constraint <- match.arg(constraint)
## Gaussian1 kernel function, derivatives up to order two
kernel <- function(x,X,h,a=0,b=1,deriv=0) {
if(deriv < 0 || deriv > 2) stop("deriv must be one of 0, 1, or 2")
## Note: the different sign/position of x in z, z.a, and z.b
## changes the sign of the derivative from 1/h to -1/h
z <- (x-X)/h
z.a <- (a-x)/h
z.b <- (b-x)/h
K.z.a <- dnorm(z.a)
K.z.b <- dnorm(z.b)
G.z.a <- pnorm(z.a)
G.z.b <- pnorm(z.b)
G.z.b.m.G.z.a <- G.z.b-G.z.a
G.z.a.d1 <- -K.z.a/h
G.z.b.d1 <- -K.z.b/h
G.z.b.d1.m.G.z.a.d1 <- G.z.b.d1-G.z.a.d1
G.z.a.d2 <- -z.a*K.z.a/h^2
G.z.b.d2 <- -z.b*K.z.b/h^2
G.z.b.d2.m.G.z.a.d2 <- G.z.b.d2-G.z.a.d2
K.z <- dnorm(z)
K.z.d1 <- -z*K.z/h
K.z.d2 <- (z^2-1)*K.z/h^2
## If the above change due to the use of different base kernel
## functions, the formulae below remain unaffected
if(deriv==0) {
K <- K.z/G.z.b.m.G.z.a
return(K/h)
} else if(deriv==1) {
K <- K.z.d1/G.z.b.m.G.z.a - K.z*G.z.b.d1.m.G.z.a.d1/G.z.b.m.G.z.a^2
return(K/h)
} else if(deriv==2) {
K <- K.z.d2/G.z.b.m.G.z.a -
(2*K.z.d1*G.z.b.d1.m.G.z.a.d1+K.z*G.z.b.d2.m.G.z.a.d2)/G.z.b.m.G.z.a^2 +
2*K.z*G.z.b.d1.m.G.z.a.d1^2/G.z.b.m.G.z.a^3
return(K/h)
}
}
int.kernel.squared <- function(X,h,a=a,b=b) {
## Use numeric integration to compute Kappa, the integral of
## the square of the kernel function needed for the asymptotic
## standard error of the density estimate seq(a,b) will barf
## on -Inf or Inf, trap these cases and use extendrange
if(is.finite(a) && is.finite(b)) X.seq <- seq(a,b,length=1000)
if(is.finite(a) && !is.finite(b)) X.seq <- seq(a,extendrange(X,f=10)[2],length=1000)
if(!is.finite(a) && is.finite(b)) X.seq <- seq(extendrange(X,f=10)[1],b,length=1000)
if(!is.finite(a) && !is.finite(b)) X.seq <- seq(extendrange(X,f=10)[1],extendrange(X,f=10)[2],length=1000)
sapply(1:length(X),function(i){integrate.trapezoidal(X.seq,h*kernel(X[i],X.seq,h,a,b,deriv=0)^2)[length(X.seq)]})
}
W.kernel <- function(x,X,h,a=0,b=1,deriv=0) {
sapply(1:length(x),function(i){kernel(x[i],X,h,a,b,deriv)})
}
if(is.null(X)) stop("you must pass a vector X")
if(a>=b) stop("a must be less than b")
if(any(X<a)) stop("X must be >= a")
if(any(X>b)) stop("X must be <= b")
if(!is.null(Y) && any(Y<a)) stop("Y must be >= a")
if(!is.null(Y) && any(Y>b)) stop("Y must be <= b")
if(is.null(h)) stop("you must provide a bandwidth")
if(h <= 0) stop("bandwidth h must be positive")
if(num.grid < 0) stop("num.grid must be a non-negative integer")
if(constraint=="density" && is.null(lb) && is.null(ub)) stop("you must provide lower and/or upper bounds when constraining the density")
if(!is.null(lb) && any(lb<0)) stop("lower bound must be non-negative")
if(!is.null(ub) && any(ub<0)) stop("upper bound must be non-negative")
if(!is.null(lb) && !is.null(ub) && any(ub<lb)) stop("upper bound must be greater than or equal to lower bound")
## First elements are X if Y=NULL or Y, rest are to make sure
## constraints are imposed on the bulk of the support and a bit
## outside governed by f=extend.range
if(num.grid==0) {
grid <- NULL
} else {
grid <- seq(max(c(a,extendrange(X,f=extend.range)[1])),min(c(b,extendrange(X,f=extend.range)[2])),,num.grid)
}
X.grid <- c(Y,X,grid)
## We always need the unconstrained weight matrix and estimate
A <- W.kernel(X.grid,X,h,a=a,b=b,deriv=0)
f <- colMeans(A)
## First or second order derivative needed, place them both in *.deriv
deriv <- 0
if(constraint=="mono.decr" || constraint=="mono.incr") deriv <- 1
if(constraint=="concave" || constraint=="convex" || constraint=="log-concave" || constraint=="log-convex") deriv <- 2
## Second derivative uses z.a and z.b times other arguments, which
## must be finite, so set to very small and large values depending
## on the range of the training data
if(deriv==2 && a==-Inf) a <- extendrange(X,f=100)[1]
if(deriv==2 && b==Inf) b <- extendrange(X,f=100)[2]
## The derivative for the log-density estimate differs from that
## for the raw density, and also requires the first derivative
A.deriv <- W.kernel(X.grid,X,h,a=a,b=b,deriv=deriv)
if(constraint=="log-concave" || constraint=="log-convex") {
f.deriv <- (colMeans(A.deriv)*f - colMeans(W.kernel(X.grid,X,h,a=a,b=b,deriv=1))^2)/(f^2)
} else {
f.deriv <- colMeans(A.deriv)
}
## The sign of the constraint matrix Amat and bvec switch
## depending on whether the constraint is >= or <=, so automate
## this
sign.deriv <- 1
if(constraint=="mono.decr" || constraint=="concave" || constraint=="log-concave") sign.deriv <- -1
## Length of the grid vector and training data vector
n.grid <- length(X.grid)
n.train <- length(X)
## Solve the quadratic program
solve.QP.flag <- TRUE
output.QP <- NULL
constant <- c(1,1/10,10,1/100,100,1/1000,1000,1/10000,10000,1/100000,100000)
attempts.max <- length(constant)
attempts <- 1
while((is.null(output.QP) || any(is.na(output.QP$solution))) && attempts <= attempts.max) {
if(attempts==attempts.max && !function.distance) {
warning("solve.QP was unable to find a solution with function.distance=FALSE, restarting with function.distance=TRUE", immediate. = TRUE)
attempts <- 1
function.distance <- TRUE
}
if(function.distance) {
## Non-identity forcing matrix minimizes the squared
## function difference distance
Dmat <- (A%*%t(A)+sqrt(.Machine$double.eps)*diag(n.train))/constant[attempts]
} else {
## Identity forcing matrix minimizes the squared weight
## distance
Dmat <- diag(n.train)/constant[attempts]
}
## The unconstrained weight vector contains zeros
dvec <- rep(0,n.train)
if(constraint=="log-concave" || constraint=="log-convex") {
## The log-concave/convex estimate will be non-negative,
## no need to impose this constraint (will be slack)
Amat <- cbind(rep(1,n.train),sign.deriv*A.deriv)
bvec <- c(0,-sign.deriv*f.deriv)
} else if(constraint!="density") {
## For other constraints we need to enforce non-negativity
## of the estimate - in either case, the unconstrained
## weights are zero hence the "sum to zero" constraint
Amat <- cbind(rep(1,n.train),A,sign.deriv*A.deriv)
bvec <- c(0,-f,-sign.deriv*f.deriv)
} else {
## Constrain the density
Amat <- cbind(rep(1,n.train),A,-A)
bvec <- c(0,lb-f,f-ub)
}
output.QP <- tryCatch(solve.QP(Dmat=Dmat,
dvec=dvec,
Amat=Amat,
bvec=bvec,
meq=1),
error = function(e) NULL)
## Sometimes rescaling Dmat can overcome deficiencies in
## solve.QP
attempts <- attempts+1
}
## If solve.QP cannot find a solution issue an immediate warning
## but return the unconstrained vector
if(is.null(output.QP) || any(is.na(output.QP$solution))) {
warning("solve.QP was unable to find a solution, unconstrained estimate returned", immediate. = TRUE)
output.QP$solution <- rep(0,n.train)
solve.QP.flag <- FALSE
}
if(constraint=="log-concave" || constraint=="log-convex") {
f.sc <- as.numeric(exp(log(f)+t(A)%*%output.QP$solution))
## Constrained derivatives, i.e., derivatives of log(f), not f
## - if you wish derivatives of f uncomment the following
## line
## f.deriv <- colMeans(A.deriv)
f.sc.deriv <- f.deriv+t(A.deriv)%*%output.QP$solution
} else {
f.sc <- as.numeric(f+t(A)%*%output.QP$solution)
f.sc.deriv <- as.numeric(f.deriv+t(A.deriv)%*%output.QP$solution)
}
## If the option integral.equal=TRUE is set, adjust the
## constrained estimate to have the same integral as the
## unconstrained estimate
corr.factor <- 1
int.f.sc <- integrate.trapezoidal(X.grid,f.sc)[n.grid]
int.f <- integrate.trapezoidal(X.grid,f)[n.grid]
if(integral.equal) corr.factor <- int.f.sc/int.f
f.sc <- f.sc/corr.factor
## The constraints are imposed on X.grid, but we only want the
## constrained estimate at the sample points X (or evaluation
## points Y if Y is specified)
if(is.null(Y)) {
index <- 1:n.train
} else {
index <- 1:length(Y)
}
se.f <- sqrt(abs(f*int.kernel.squared(X.grid,h,a,b)/(h*length(f))))[index]
se.f.sc <- sqrt(abs(f.sc*int.kernel.squared(X.grid,h,a,b)/(h*length(f.sc))))[index]
F <- integrate.trapezoidal(X.grid[index],f[index])
F.sc <- integrate.trapezoidal(X.grid[index],f.sc[index])
f <- f[index]
f.sc <- f.sc[index]
f.deriv <- f.deriv[index]
f.sc.deriv <- f.sc.deriv[index]
## Return a list
return(list(f=f,
f.sc=f.sc,
se.f=se.f,
se.f.sc=se.f.sc,
f.deriv=f.deriv,
f.sc.deriv=f.sc.deriv,
F=F,
F.sc=F.sc,
se.F=sqrt(abs(F*(1-F)/length(F))),
se.F.sc=sqrt(abs(F.sc*(1-F.sc)/length(F.sc))),
f.integral=int.f,
f.sc.integral=int.f.sc,
solve.QP=solve.QP.flag,
attempts=attempts))
}
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