in_parallel: Parallelization in purrr

In purrr: Functional Programming Tools

Parallelization in purrr

Description

All map functions allow parallelized operation using mirai.

Wrap functions passed to the .f argument of map() and its variants with in_parallel().

in_parallel() is a purrr adverb that plays two roles:

• It is a signal to purrr verbs like map() to go ahead and perform computations in parallel.

• It helps you create self-contained functions that are isolated from your workspace. This is important because the function is packaged up (serialized) to be sent across to parallel processes. Isolation is critical for performance because it prevents accidentally sending very large objects between processes.

For maps to actually be performed in parallel, the user must also set mirai::daemons(), otherwise they fall back to sequential processing. mirai::require_daemons() may be used to enforce the use of parallel processing. See the section 'Daemons settings' below.

Usage

in_parallel(.f, ...)

Arguments

.f	A fresh formula or function. "Fresh" here means that they should be declared in the call to in_parallel().
...	Named arguments to declare in the environment of the function.

Value

A 'crate' (classed function).

Creating self-contained functions

• They should call package functions with an explicit :: namespace. For instance ggplot() from the ggplot2 package must be called with its namespace prefix: ggplot2::ggplot(). An alternative is to use library() within the function to attach a package to the search path, which allows subsequent use of package functions without the explicit namespace.

• They should declare any data they depend on. Declare data by supplying named arguments to .... When .f is an anonymous function to a locally-defined function of the form ⁠\(x) fun(x)⁠, fun itself must be supplied to ... in the manner of: ⁠in_parallel(\(x) fun(x), fun = fun)⁠.

• Functions (closures) supplied to ... must themselves be self-contained, as they are modified to share the same closure as the main function. This means that all helper functions and other required variables must also be supplied as further ... arguments. This applies only for functions directly supplied to ..., and containers such as lists are not recursively walked to find functions (meaning you're at risk of unexpectedly including large objects with your parallel function if you supply complex lists).

in_parallel() is a simple wrapper of carrier::crate() and you may refer to that package for more details.

Example usage:

# The function needs to be freshly-defined, so instead of:
mtcars |> map_dbl(in_parallel(sum))
# Use an anonymous function:
mtcars |> map_dbl(in_parallel(\(x) sum(x)))

# Package functions need to be explicitly namespaced, so instead of:
map(1:3, in_parallel(\(x) vec_init(integer(), x)))
# Use :: to namespace all package functions:
map(1:3, in_parallel(\(x) vctrs::vec_init(integer(), x)))

fun <- function(x) { param + helper(x) }
helper <- function(x) { x %% 2 }
param <- 5
# Operating in parallel, locally-defined functions, including helper
# functions and other objects required by it, will not be found:
map(1:3, in_parallel(\(x) fun(x)))
# Use the ... argument to supply these objects:
map(1:3, in_parallel(\(x) fun(x), fun = fun, helper = helper, param = param))

When to use

Parallelizing a map using 'n' processes does not automatically lead to it taking 1/n of the time. Additional overhead from setting up the parallel task and communicating with parallel processes eats into this benefit, and can outweigh it for very short tasks or those involving large amounts of data.

The threshold at which parallelization becomes clearly beneficial will differ according to your individual setup and task, but a rough guide would be in the order of 100 microseconds to 1 millisecond for each map iteration.

Daemons settings

How and where parallelization occurs is determined by mirai::daemons(). This is a function from the mirai package that sets up daemons (persistent background processes that receive parallel computations) on your local machine or across the network.

Daemons must be set prior to performing any parallel map operation, otherwise in_parallel() will fall back to sequential processing. To ensure that maps are always performed in parallel, place mirai::require_daemons() before the map.

It is usual to set daemons once per session. You can leave them running on your local machine as they consume almost no resources whilst waiting to receive tasks. The following sets up 6 daemons locally:

mirai::daemons(6)

Function arguments:

• n: the number of daemons to launch on your local machine, e.g. mirai::daemons(6). As a rule of thumb, for maximum efficiency this should be (at most) one less than the number of cores on your machine, leaving one core for the main R process.

• url and remote: used to set up and launch daemons for distributed computing over the network. See mirai::daemons() documentation for more details.

Resetting daemons:

Daemons persist for the duration of your session. To reset and tear down any existing daemons:

mirai::daemons(0)

All daemons automatically terminate when your session ends. You do not need to explicitly terminate daemons in this instance, although it is still good practice to do so.

Note: if you are using parallel map within a package, do not make any mirai::daemons() calls within the package. This is as it should always be up to the user how they wish to set up parallel processing: (i) resources are only known at run-time e.g. availability of local or remote daemons, (ii) packages should make use of existing daemons when already set, rather than reset them, and (iii) it helps prevent inadvertently spawning too many daemons when functions are used recursively within each other.

References

purrr's parallelization is powered by mirai. See the mirai website for more details.

See Also

map() for usage examples.

Examples

# Run in interactive sessions only as spawns additional processes

default_param <- 0.5

delay <- function(secs = default_param) {
  Sys.sleep(secs)
}

slow_lm <- function(formula, data) {
  delay()
  lm(formula, data)
}

# Example of a 'crate' returned by in_parallel(). The object print method
# shows the size of the crate and any objects contained within:
crate <- in_parallel(
  \(df) slow_lm(mpg ~ disp, data = df),
  slow_lm = slow_lm,
  delay = delay,
  default_param = default_param
)
crate

# Use mirai::mirai() to test that a crate is self-contained
# by running it in a daemon and collecting its return value:
mirai::mirai(crate(mtcars), crate = crate) |> mirai::collect_mirai()

purrr documentation built on Nov. 5, 2025, 7:27 p.m.