layer_gru: Gated Recurrent Unit - Cho et al.

In keras: R Interface to 'Keras'

Gated Recurrent Unit - Cho et al.

Description

There are two variants. The default one is based on 1406.1078v3 and has reset gate applied to hidden state before matrix multiplication. The other one is based on original 1406.1078v1 and has the order reversed.

Usage

layer_gru(
  object,
  units,
  activation = "tanh",
  recurrent_activation = "sigmoid",
  use_bias = TRUE,
  return_sequences = FALSE,
  return_state = FALSE,
  go_backwards = FALSE,
  stateful = FALSE,
  unroll = FALSE,
  time_major = FALSE,
  reset_after = TRUE,
  kernel_initializer = "glorot_uniform",
  recurrent_initializer = "orthogonal",
  bias_initializer = "zeros",
  kernel_regularizer = NULL,
  recurrent_regularizer = NULL,
  bias_regularizer = NULL,
  activity_regularizer = NULL,
  kernel_constraint = NULL,
  recurrent_constraint = NULL,
  bias_constraint = NULL,
  dropout = 0,
  recurrent_dropout = 0,
  ...
)

Arguments

object	What to compose the new Layer instance with. Typically a Sequential model or a Tensor (e.g., as returned by layer_input()). The return value depends on object. If object is: missing or NULL, the Layer instance is returned. a Sequential model, the model with an additional layer is returned. a Tensor, the output tensor from layer_instance(object) is returned.
units	Positive integer, dimensionality of the output space.
activation	Activation function to use. Default: hyperbolic tangent (tanh). If you pass NULL, no activation is applied (ie. "linear" activation: a(x) = x).
recurrent_activation	Activation function to use for the recurrent step.
use_bias	Boolean, whether the layer uses a bias vector.
return_sequences	Boolean. Whether to return the last output in the output sequence, or the full sequence.
return_state	Boolean (default FALSE). Whether to return the last state in addition to the output.
go_backwards	Boolean (default FALSE). If TRUE, process the input sequence backwards and return the reversed sequence.
stateful	Boolean (default FALSE). If TRUE, the last state for each sample at index i in a batch will be used as initial state for the sample of index i in the following batch.
unroll	Boolean (default FALSE). If TRUE, the network will be unrolled, else a symbolic loop will be used. Unrolling can speed-up a RNN, although it tends to be more memory-intensive. Unrolling is only suitable for short sequences.
time_major	If True, the inputs and outputs will be in shape ⁠[timesteps, batch, feature]⁠, whereas in the False case, it will be ⁠[batch, timesteps, feature]⁠. Using time_major = TRUE is a bit more efficient because it avoids transposes at the beginning and end of the RNN calculation. However, most TensorFlow data is batch-major, so by default this function accepts input and emits output in batch-major form.
reset_after	GRU convention (whether to apply reset gate after or before matrix multiplication). FALSE = "before" (default), TRUE = "after" (CuDNN compatible).
kernel_initializer	Initializer for the kernel weights matrix, used for the linear transformation of the inputs.
recurrent_initializer	Initializer for the recurrent_kernel weights matrix, used for the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
bias_initializer	Initializer for the bias vector.
kernel_regularizer	Regularizer function applied to the kernel weights matrix.
recurrent_regularizer	Regularizer function applied to the recurrent_kernel weights matrix.
bias_regularizer	Regularizer function applied to the bias vector.
activity_regularizer	Regularizer function applied to the output of the layer (its "activation")..
kernel_constraint	Constraint function applied to the kernel weights matrix.
recurrent_constraint	Constraint function applied to the recurrent_kernel weights matrix.
bias_constraint	Constraint function applied to the bias vector.
dropout	Float between 0 and 1. Fraction of the units to drop for the linear transformation of the inputs.
recurrent_dropout	Float between 0 and 1. Fraction of the units to drop for the linear transformation of the recurrent state.
...	Standard Layer args.

Details

The second variant is compatible with CuDNNGRU (GPU-only) and allows inference on CPU. Thus it has separate biases for kernel and recurrent_kernel. Use reset_after = TRUE and recurrent_activation = "sigmoid".

Input shapes

N-D tensor with shape ⁠(batch_size, timesteps, ...)⁠, or ⁠(timesteps, batch_size, ...)⁠ when time_major = TRUE.

Output shape

• if return_state: a list of tensors. The first tensor is the output. The remaining tensors are the last states, each with shape ⁠(batch_size, state_size)⁠, where state_size could be a high dimension tensor shape.

• if return_sequences: N-D tensor with shape ⁠[batch_size, timesteps, output_size]⁠, where output_size could be a high dimension tensor shape, or ⁠[timesteps, batch_size, output_size]⁠ when time_major is TRUE

• else, N-D tensor with shape ⁠[batch_size, output_size]⁠, where output_size could be a high dimension tensor shape.

Masking

This layer supports masking for input data with a variable number of timesteps. To introduce masks to your data, use layer_embedding() with the mask_zero parameter set to TRUE.

Statefulness in RNNs

You can set RNN layers to be 'stateful', which means that the states computed for the samples in one batch will be reused as initial states for the samples in the next batch. This assumes a one-to-one mapping between samples in different successive batches.

For intuition behind statefulness, there is a helpful blog post here: https://philipperemy.github.io/keras-stateful-lstm/

To enable statefulness:

• Specify stateful = TRUE in the layer constructor.

• Specify a fixed batch size for your model. For sequential models, pass batch_input_shape = list(...) to the first layer in your model. For functional models with 1 or more Input layers, pass batch_shape = list(...) to all the first layers in your model. This is the expected shape of your inputs including the batch size. It should be a list of integers, e.g. list(32, 10, 100). For dimensions which can vary (are not known ahead of time), use NULL in place of an integer, e.g. list(32, NULL, NULL).

• Specify shuffle = FALSE when calling fit().

To reset the states of your model, call layer$reset_states() on either a specific layer, or on your entire model.

Initial State of RNNs

You can specify the initial state of RNN layers symbolically by calling them with the keyword argument initial_state. The value of initial_state should be a tensor or list of tensors representing the initial state of the RNN layer.

You can specify the initial state of RNN layers numerically by calling reset_states with the named argument states. The value of states should be an array or list of arrays representing the initial state of the RNN layer.

Passing external constants to RNNs

You can pass "external" constants to the cell using the constants named argument of ⁠RNN$__call__⁠ (as well as RNN$call) method. This requires that the cell$call method accepts the same keyword argument constants. Such constants can be used to condition the cell transformation on additional static inputs (not changing over time), a.k.a. an attention mechanism.

References

• Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation

• On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches

• Empirical Evaluation of Gated Recurrent Neural Networks on Sequence Modeling

• A Theoretically Grounded Application of Dropout in Recurrent Neural Networks

See Also

• https://www.tensorflow.org/guide/keras/rnn

Other recurrent layers: layer_cudnn_gru(), layer_cudnn_lstm(), layer_lstm(), layer_rnn(), layer_simple_rnn()

keras documentation built on Aug. 16, 2023, 1:07 a.m.