Data2fd | R Documentation |
The function converts scatter plot data into one or a set of curves that do
a satisfactory job of representing their corresponding abscissa and ordinate
values by smooth curves. It returns a list object of class fdSmooth
that contains curves defined by functional data objects of class fd
as well as a variety of other results related to the data smoothing process.
The function tries to do as much for the user as possible before setting up a
call to function smooth.basisPar
. This is achieved by an initial call
to function argvalsSwap
that examines arguments argvals
that
contains abscissa values and y
that contains ordinate values.
If the arguments are provided in an order that is not the one above,
Data2fd
attempts to swap argument positions to provide the correct
order. A warning message is returned if this swap takes place. Any such
automatic decision, though, has the possibility of being wrong, and the
results should be carefully checked.
Preferably, the order of the arguments should be respected: argvals
comes first and y
comes second.
Be warned that the result that the fdSmooth
object that is returned may
not define a satisfactory smooth of the data, and consequently that it may be
necessary to use the more sophisticated data smoothing function
smooth.basis
instead. Its help file provides a great deal more
information than is provided here.
Data2fd(argvals=NULL, y=NULL, basisobj=NULL, nderiv=NULL,
lambda=3e-8/diff(as.numeric(range(argvals))),
fdnames=NULL, covariates=NULL, method="chol")
argvals |
a set of argument values. If this is a vector, the same set of
argument values is used for all columns of |
y |
an array containing sampled values of curves. If |
basisobj |
An object of one of the following classes:
|
nderiv |
Smoothing typically specified as an integer order for the
derivative whose square is integrated and weighted by A general linear differential operator can also be supplied. |
lambda |
weight on the smoothing operator specified by |
fdnames |
Either a character vector of length 3 or a named list of length 3. In either case, the three elements correspond to the following:
If fdnames is a list, the components provide labels for the levels of the
corresponding dimension of |
covariates |
the observed values in |
method |
by default the function uses the usual textbook equations for
computing the coefficients of the basis function expansions. But, as in
regression analysis, a price is paid in terms of rounding error for such
computations since they involved cross-products of basis function values.
Optionally, if |
This function tends to be used in rather simple applications where there is no
need to control the roughness of the resulting curve with any great finesse.
The roughness is essentially controlled by how many basis functions are used.
In more sophisticated applications, it would be better to use the function
smooth.basisPar
.
It may happen that a value in argvals is outside the basis object interval due to rounding error and other causes of small violations. The code tests for this and pulls these near values into the interval if they are within 1e-7 times the interval width.
an S3 list object of class fdSmooth
defined in file
smooth.basis1.R
containing:
the functional data object defining smooth B-spline curves that fit the data
the degrees of freedom in the fits
a generalized cross-validation value
the semi-parametric coefficient array
Error sum of squares
the symmetric matrix defining roughness penalty
the argument values
the array of ordinate values in the scatter-plot
Ramsay, James O., Hooker, Giles, and Graves, Spencer (2009), Functional data analysis with R and Matlab, Springer, New York.
Ramsay, James O., and Silverman, Bernard W. (2005), Functional Data Analysis, 2nd ed., Springer, New York.
Ramsay, James O., and Silverman, Bernard W. (2002), Applied Functional Data Analysis, Springer, New York.
smooth.basisPar
,
smooth.basis
,
smooth.basis1
,
project.basis
,
smooth.fd
,
smooth.monotone
,
smooth.pos
,
day.5
##
## Simplest possible example: constant function
##
# 1 basis, order 1 = degree 0 = constant function
b1.1 <- create.bspline.basis(nbasis=1, norder=1)
# data values: 1 and 2, with a mean of 1.5
y12 <- 1:2
# smooth data, giving a constant function with value 1.5
fd1.1 <- Data2fd(y12, basisobj=b1.1)
oldpar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE)
plot(fd1.1)
# now repeat the analysis with some smoothing, which moves the
# toward 0.
fd1.5 <- Data2fd(y12, basisobj=b1.1, lambda=0.5)
# values of the smooth:
# fd1.1 = sum(y12)/(n+lambda*integral(over arg=0 to 1 of 1))
# = 3 / (2+0.5) = 1.2
#. JR ... Data2fd returns an fdsmooth object and a member of the
# is an fd smooth object. Calls to functions expecting
# an fd object require attaching $fd to the fdsmooth object
# this is required in lines 268, 311 and 337
eval.fd(seq(0, 1, .2), fd1.5)
##
## step function smoothing
##
# 2 step basis functions: order 1 = degree 0 = step functions
b1.2 <- create.bspline.basis(nbasis=2, norder=1)
# fit the data without smoothing
fd1.2 <- Data2fd(1:2, basisobj=b1.2)
# plot the result: A step function: 1 to 0.5, then 2
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,1))
plot(b1.2, main='bases')
plot(fd1.2, main='fit')
par(op)
##
## Simple oversmoothing
##
# 3 step basis functions: order 1 = degree 0 = step functions
b1.3 <- create.bspline.basis(nbasis=3, norder=1)
# smooth the data with smoothing
fd1.3 <- Data2fd(y12, basisobj=b1.3, lambda=0.5)
# plot the fit along with the points
plot(0:1, c(0, 2), type='n')
points(0:1, y12)
lines(fd1.3)
# Fit = penalized least squares with penalty =
# = lambda * integral(0:1 of basis^2),
# which shrinks the points towards 0.
# X1.3 = matrix(c(1,0, 0,0, 0,1), 2)
# XtX = crossprod(X1.3) = diag(c(1, 0, 1))
# penmat = diag(3)/3
# = 3x3 matrix of integral(over arg=0:1 of basis[i]*basis[j])
# Xt.y = crossprod(X1.3, y12) = c(1, 0, 2)
# XtX + lambda*penmat = diag(c(7, 1, 7)/6
# so coef(fd1.3.5) = solve(XtX + lambda*penmat, Xt.y)
# = c(6/7, 0, 12/7)
##
## linear spline fit
##
# 3 bases, order 2 = degree 1
b2.3 <- create.bspline.basis(norder=2, breaks=c(0, .5, 1))
# interpolate the values 0, 2, 1
fd2.3 <- Data2fd(c(0,2,1), basisobj=b2.3, lambda=0)
# display the coefficients
round(fd2.3$coefs, 4)
# plot the results
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,1))
plot(b2.3, main='bases')
plot(fd2.3, main='fit')
par(op)
# apply some smoothing
fd2.3. <- Data2fd(c(0,2,1), basisobj=b2.3, lambda=1)
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,1))
plot(b2.3, main='bases')
plot(fd2.3., main='fit', ylim=c(0,2))
par(op)
all.equal(
unclass(fd2.3)[-1],
unclass(fd2.3.)[-1])
##** CONCLUSION:
##** The only differences between fd2.3 and fd2.3.
##** are the coefficients, as we would expect.
##
## quadratic spline fit
##
# 4 bases, order 3 = degree 2 = continuous, bounded, locally quadratic
b3.4 <- create.bspline.basis(norder=3, breaks=c(0, .5, 1))
# fit values c(0,4,2,3) without interpolation
fd3.4 <- Data2fd(c(0,4,2,3), basisobj=b3.4, lambda=0)
round(fd3.4$coefs, 4)
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,1))
plot(b3.4)
plot(fd3.4)
points(c(0,1/3,2/3,1), c(0,4,2,3))
par(op)
# try smoothing
fd3.4. <- Data2fd(c(0,4,2,3), basisobj=b3.4, lambda=1)
round(fd3.4.$coef, 4)
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,1))
plot(b3.4)
plot(fd3.4., ylim=c(0,4))
points(seq(0,1,len=4), c(0,4,2,3))
par(op)
##
## Two simple Fourier examples
##
gaitbasis3 <- create.fourier.basis(nbasis=5)
gaitfd3 <- Data2fd(seq(0,1,len=20), gait, basisobj=gaitbasis3)
# plotfit.fd(gait, seq(0,1,len=20), gaitfd3)
# set up the fourier basis
daybasis <- create.fourier.basis(c(0, 365), nbasis=65)
# Make temperature fd object
# Temperature data are in 12 by 365 matrix tempav
# See analyses of weather data.
tempfd <- Data2fd(CanadianWeather$dailyAv[,,"Temperature.C"],
day.5, daybasis)
# plot the temperature curves
par(mfrow=c(1,1))
plot(tempfd)
##
## argvals of class Date and POSIXct
##
# These classes of time can generate very large numbers when converted to
# numeric vectors. For basis systems such as polynomials or splines,
# severe rounding error issues can arise if the time interval for the
# data is very large. To offset this, it is best to normalize the
# numeric version of the data before analyzing them.
# Date class time unit is one day, divide by 365.25.
invasion1 <- as.Date('1775-09-04')
invasion2 <- as.Date('1812-07-12')
earlyUS.Canada <- as.numeric(c(invasion1, invasion2))/365.25
BspInvasion <- create.bspline.basis(earlyUS.Canada)
earlyYears <- seq(invasion1, invasion2, length.out=7)
earlyQuad <- (as.numeric(earlyYears-invasion1)/365.25)^2
earlyYears <- as.numeric(earlyYears)/365.25
fitQuad <- Data2fd(earlyYears, earlyQuad, BspInvasion)
# POSIXct: time unit is one second, divide by 365.25*24*60*60
rescale <- 365.25*24*60*60
AmRev.ct <- as.POSIXct1970(c('1776-07-04', '1789-04-30'))
BspRev.ct <- create.bspline.basis(as.numeric(AmRev.ct)/rescale)
AmRevYrs.ct <- seq(AmRev.ct[1], AmRev.ct[2], length.out=14)
AmRevLin.ct <- as.numeric(AmRevYrs.ct-AmRev.ct[1])
AmRevYrs.ct <- as.numeric(AmRevYrs.ct)/rescale
AmRevLin.ct <- as.numeric(AmRevLin.ct)/rescale
fitLin.ct <- Data2fd(AmRevYrs.ct, AmRevLin.ct, BspRev.ct)
par(oldpar)
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