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Note: If you wish to replicate the R code below, then you will need to copy and paste the following commands in R first (to make sure you have all the packages and their dependencies):
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install.packages(c("install.load", "iemisc", "units", "round")) # install the packages and their dependencies
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# load the required packages install.load::load_package("iemisc", "units", "round") # load needed packages using the load_package function from the install.load package (it is assumed that you have already installed these packages)
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Problem 17.2 [Lindeburg Practice]
“Points A and B are separated by 3000 ft of new 6 in schedule-40 steel pipe. 750 gal/min of 60°F water flows from point A to point B. Point B is 60 ft above point A.”
What is the Reynolds number?
From Appendix 16.B Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Steel Pipe [Lindeburg Manual], the internal diameter for a 6 inch nominal diameter new schedule-40 steel pipe is 0.5054 ft with an internal area of 0.2006 ft^2^.
From Table 17.2 Values of Specific Roughness for Common Pipe Materials [Lindeburg Manual], the specific roughness, $\epsilon$, for a steel pipe is 0.0002 (2e^-04^) ft.
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# 60 degrees Fahrenheit water # new 6 in schedule-40 steel pipe # determine the Reynolds number # given the water flow of 750 gal / min # create a numeric vector with the units of gallons per minute for the volumetric flow rate Vdot <- set_units(750, gallon/min) Vdot # create a numeric vector with the units of cubic feet per second for the volumetric flow rate Vdot <- Vdot units(Vdot) <- make_units(ft^3/s) Vdot # given temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit # create a numeric vector with the units of degrees Fahrenheit T_F <- set_units(60, degree_F) # create a numeric vector to convert from degrees Fahrenheit to Kelvin T_K <- T_F T_K # create a numeric vector with the units of Kelvin units(T_K) <- make_units(K) T_K # saturated liquid density at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (SI units) rho_SI <- density_water(drop_units(T_K), units = "Absolute") rho_SI <- set_units(rho_SI, kg/m^3) rho_SI # saturated liquid density at 60 degrees Fahrenheit (US Customary units) rho_Eng <- density_water(drop_units(T_F), units = "Eng", Eng_units = "lbm/ft^3") rho_Eng <- set_units(rho_Eng, lb/ft^3) # lbm/ft^3 rho_Eng # kinematic viscosity at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and density of rho (SI units) nu_SI <- kin_visc_water(mu = dyn_visc_water(Temp = drop_units(T_K), units = "Absolute"), rho = density_water(Temp = drop_units(T_K), units = "Absolute"), rho_units = "kg/m^3", mu_units = "Pa*s or kg/m/s") nu_SI <- set_units(nu_SI, m^2/s) nu_SI # kinematic viscosity at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and density of rho (US Customary units) nu_Eng <- kin_visc_water(mu = dyn_visc_water(Temp = drop_units(T_F), units = "Eng", Eng_units = "lbf*s/ft^2"), rho = density_water(Temp = drop_units(T_F), units = "Eng", Eng_units = "lbm/ft^3"), rho_units = "lbm/ft^3", mu_units = "lbf*s/ft^2") nu_Eng <- set_units(nu_Eng, ft^2/s) nu_Eng # absolute or dynamic viscosity at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and density of rho (SI units) mu_SI <- dyn_visc_water(Temp = drop_units(T_K), units = "Absolute") mu_SI <- set_units(mu_SI, Pa*s) mu_SI # absolute or dynamic viscosity at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and density of rho (US Customary units) mu_Eng <- dyn_visc_water(Temp = drop_units(T_F), units = "Eng", Eng_units = "lbf*s/ft^2") mu_Eng <- set_units(mu_Eng, lbf*s/ft^2) mu_Eng # create a numeric vector with the units of feet for the given specific roughness epsilon <- set_units(2e-04, ft) epsilon # create a numeric vector with the units of feet for the given internal pipe diameter Di <- set_units(0.5054, ft) Di # relative roughness (dimensionless) of the steel pipe rel_roughness <- epsilon / Di rel_roughness # internal area of the steel pipe Ai <- Di ^ 2 * pi / 4 Ai # average velocity of the flowing water V <- Vdot / Ai V # Reynolds number using the kinematic viscosity Re_nu <- Re2(D = drop_units(Di), V = drop_units(V), nu = drop_units(nu_Eng)) Re_nu # Reynolds number using the absolute or dynamic viscosity Re_mu <- Re1(D = drop_units(Di), V = drop_units(V), rho = drop_units(rho_Eng), mu = drop_units(mu_Eng), units = "Eng") Re_mu # display Re_nu with scientific notation format(Re_nu, scientific = TRUE) # display Re_mu with scientific notation format(Re_mu, scientific = TRUE)
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Michael Lindeburg calculated the Reynolds number as r round_r3((8.33*0.5054)/(1.217e-05), d = 2)
[rounded to 3.46e^05^].
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“This month’s problem asked what flow rate of water would be needed to have fully developed turbulent flow in a circular tube.” [Fosse]
What is the Reynolds number given the mass flow rate?
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# given temperature of 22 degrees Celsius # create a numeric vector with the units of degrees Celsius T_C <- set_units(22, degree_C) T_C # create a numeric vector to convert from degrees Celsius to Kelvin T_K <- T_C T_K # create a numeric vector with the units of Kelvin units(T_K) <- make_units(K) T_K # saturated liquid density at 22 degrees Celsius (SI units) rho_SI <- density_water(drop_units(T_K), units = "Absolute") rho_SI <- set_units(rho_SI, kg/m^3) rho_SI # kinematic viscosity at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and density of rho (SI units) nu_SI <- kin_visc_water(mu = dyn_visc_water(Temp = drop_units(T_K), units = "Absolute"), rho = density_water(Temp = drop_units(T_K), units = "Absolute"), rho_units = "kg/m^3", mu_units = "Pa*s or kg/m/s") nu_SI <- set_units(nu_SI, m^2/s) nu_SI # absolute or dynamic viscosity at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and density of rho (SI units) mu_SI <- dyn_visc_water(Temp = drop_units(T_K), units = "Absolute") mu_SI <- set_units(mu_SI, Pa*s) mu_SI # create a numeric vector with the units of inches for the given internal pipe diameter Di <- set_units(4, inch) Di # create a numeric vector with the units of meters for the given internal pipe diameter Di <- Di Di units(Di) <- make_units(m) Di # given the mass flow rate of 0.765 kg/s (rounded in HTML) # create a numeric vector with the units of kilograms per second for the mass flow rate G <- set_units(0.76486004, kg/s) G # display the Reynolds number re3 <- Re3(D = drop_units(Di), G = drop_units(G), mu = drop_units(mu_SI), units = "SI") re3 # display the Reynolds number from Re3 with scientific notation format(re3, scientific = TRUE)
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Kendall Fosse provided 1e^04^ for the Reynolds number.
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Kendall Fosse, “What rate is needed for turbulent flow? [Challenge Solved]”, ChEnected, https://www.aiche.org/chenected/2010/10/what-rate-needed-turbulent-flow-challenge-solved.
Michael R. Lindeburg, PE, Civil Engineering Reference Manual for the PE Exam, Twelfth Edition, Belmont, California: Professional Publications, Inc., 2011, page 17-4, 17-7, and A-22.
Michael R. Lindeburg, PE, Practice Problems for the Civil Engineering PE Exam: A Companion to the “Civil Engineering Reference Manual”, Twelfth Edition, Belmont, California: Professional Publications, Inc., 2011, pages 17-1 and 17-7.
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, Fundamental Constants Data Center of the NIST Physical Measurement Laboratory, “standard acceleration of gravity g_n”, https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?gn.
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Wikipedia, 15 May 2019, “Conversion of units”, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_of_units.
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