linear_RNDPROJ: Random Projection

In Rdimtools: Dimension Reduction and Estimation Methods

Random Projection

Description

do.rndproj is a linear dimensionality reduction method based on random projection technique, featured by the celebrated Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma.

Usage

do.rndproj(
  X,
  ndim = 2,
  preprocess = c("null", "center", "scale", "cscale", "whiten", "decorrelate"),
  type = c("gaussian", "achlioptas", "sparse"),
  s = max(sqrt(ncol(X)), 3)
)

Arguments

X	an (n\times p) matrix or data frame whose rows are observations and columns represent independent variables.
ndim	an integer-valued target dimension.
preprocess	an additional option for preprocessing the data. Default is "null". See also aux.preprocess for more details.
type	a type of random projection, one of "gaussian","achlioptas" or "sparse".
s	a tuning parameter for determining values in projection matrix. While default is to use max(log \sqrt{p},3), it is required for s \ge 3.

Details

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss(JL) lemma states that given 0 < \epsilon < 1, for a set X of m points in \mathbb{R}^N and a number n > 8log(m)/\epsilon^2, there is a linear map f from \mathbb{R}^N to \mathbb{R}^N such that

(1-\epsilon)|u-v|^2 \le |f(u)-f(v)|^2 \le (1+\epsilon)|u-v|^2

for all u,v in X.

Three types of random projections are supported for an (p-by-ndim) projection matrix R.

1. Conventional approach is to use normalized Gaussian random vectors sampled from unit sphere S^{p-1}.

2. Achlioptas suggested to employ a sparse approach using samples from \sqrt{3}(1,0,-1) with probability (1/6,4/6,1/6).

3. Li et al proposed to sample from \sqrt{s}(1,0,-1) with probability (1/2s,1-1/s,1/2s) for s\ge 3 to incorporate sparsity while attaining speedup with little loss in accuracy. While the original suggsetion from the authors is to use \sqrt{p} or p/log(p) for s, any user-supported s \ge 3 is allowed.

Value

a named list containing

Y

an (n\times ndim) matrix whose rows are embedded observations.

projection

a (p\times ndim) whose columns are basis for projection.

epsilon

an estimated error \epsilon in accordance with JL lemma.

trfinfo

a list containing information for out-of-sample prediction.

References

\insertRef

johnson_extensions_1984Rdimtools

\insertRef

achlioptas_databasefriendly_2003Rdimtools

\insertRef

li_very_2006Rdimtools

Examples

## use iris data
data(iris)
set.seed(100)
subid = sample(1:150, 50)
X     = as.matrix(iris[subid,1:4])
label = as.factor(iris[subid,5])

## 1. Gaussian projection
output1 <- do.rndproj(X,ndim=2)

## 2. Achlioptas projection
output2 <- do.rndproj(X,ndim=2,type="achlioptas")

## 3. Sparse projection
output3 <- do.rndproj(X,type="sparse")

## Visualize three different projections
opar <- par(no.readonly=TRUE)
par(mfrow=c(1,3))
plot(output1$Y, pch=19, col=label, main="RNDPROJ::Gaussian")
plot(output2$Y, pch=19, col=label, main="RNDPROJ::Arclioptas")
plot(output3$Y, pch=19, col=label, main="RNDPROJ::Sparse")
par(opar)

Rdimtools documentation built on Nov. 5, 2025, 5:28 p.m.