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#' @export halton.lattice
#'
#' @title Halton lattice inside a rectangle
#'
#' @description Constructs a lattice of Halton boxes (a Halton lattice) inside
#' a rectangular box.
#'
#' @details This is designed to be called with the bounding box of a spatial
#' object. See examples.
#'
#' \bold{Definition of Halton lattice}: A Halton lattice has the same number
#' of points in every Halton box. Halton boxes are the \code{bases[1]^J[1]} X
#' \code{bases[2]^J[2]} matrix of rectangles over a square. Each Halton box
#' contains \code{prod(eta)} points.
#'
#' @param box A DX2 matrix containing coordinates of the box.
#' One row per dimension. Column 1 is the minimum, column 2 is the maximum.
#' \code{box[1,]} contains \code{c(min,max)} coordinates of the box in dimension 1
#' (horizontal). \code{box[2,]} contains \code{c(min,max)} coordinates of
#' the box in dimension 2 (vertical). Etc for higher dimensions.
#' Default is the 2D unit box.
#'
#' @param J A DX1 vector of base powers which determines the size and shape
#' of the Halton boxes. Elements of \code{J} less than or equal
#' to 1 are re-set to 1. See additional description in help for
#' \code{\link{hip.polygon}} function.
#'
#' @param N Approximate number of points to place in the whole box. If \code{J}
#' is specified, it takes precedence. If \code{J} is NULL, the
#' algorithm attempts to place \code{N} points in the bounding box
#' using Halton boxes that are as close to square as possible.
#' \code{N} is not exact, but is a target.
#'
#' @param eta A DX1 vector of the number of points to add inside each Halton box.
#' e.g., if \code{eta} = \code{c(3,2)}, a small grid of 3 by 2 points is
#' added inside each Halton box. \code{eta[1]} is for the
#' horizontal dimension, \code{eta[2]} is for the vertical dimension, etc for
#' higher dimensions.
#'
#' @param triangular boolean, if TRUE, construct a triangular grid.
#' If FALSE, construct rectangular grid. See help for \code{\link{hip.polygon}}.
#'
#' @param bases A DX1 vector of Halton bases. These must be co-prime.
#'
#' @return A data frame containing coordinates in the Halton lattice.
#' Names of the coordinates are \code{dimnames(box)[1]}. If \code{box} does not
#' have dimnames, names of the coordinates are \code{c("d1", "d2", ...)} (d1 is
#' horizontal, d2 is vertical, etc).
#'
#' In addition, return has following attributes:
#' \itemize{
#' \item \code{J}: the \code{J} vector used to construct the lattice.
#' This is either the input \code{J} or the computed \code{J} when
#' only \code{N} is specified.
#' \item \code{eta}: the \code{eta} vector used in the lattice.
#' \item \code{bases}: Bases of the van der Corput sequences used in the lattice,
#' one per dimension.
#' \item \code{triangular}: Whether the lattice is triangular or square.
#' \item \code{hl.bbox}: The input \code{box}. If \code{box} does not
#' have dimnames, this attribute will be assigned dimnames of
#' \code{list(c("d1","d2"),c("min","max"))}.
#' }
#'
#' @author Trent McDonald
#'
#' @seealso \code{\link{halton.lattice}}, \code{\link{hip.polygon}}
#'
#' @examples
#'
#' # Lattice of 2^3*3^2 = 72 points in unit box
#' hl <- halton.lattice( J=c(3,2) )
#'
#' # Plot
#' hl.J <- attr(hl,"J")
#' hl.b <- attr(hl,"bases")
#' hl.bb <- attr(hl,"hl.bbox")
#'
#' plot( hl.bb[1,], hl.bb[2,], type="n", pty="s")
#' points( hl[,1], hl[,2], pch=16, cex=.75, col="red")
#'
#' for(d in 1:ncol(hl)){
#' tmp2 <- hl.bb[d,1] + (0:(hl.b[d]^hl.J[d]))*(diff(hl.bb[d,]))/(hl.b[d]^hl.J[d])
#' if( d == 1){
#' abline(v=tmp2)
#' } else{
#' abline(h=tmp2)
#' }
#' }
#'
#' # Lattice of approx 1000 points over bounding box of spatial object
#' hl <- halton.lattice( bbox(HI.coast), N=1000 )
halton.lattice <- function(box=matrix(c(0,0,1,1),2), N=10000, J=NULL,
eta=rep(1,nrow(box)), triangular=FALSE, bases=NULL){
D <- nrow( box ) # number of dimensions
delta <- apply( box, 1, diff ) # size/extent of box in each dimension
ll.corner <- apply(box, 1, min) # minimum coordinate of box in each dimension
if(is.null(bases)){
bases <- primes(D)
} else if(length(bases)!=D){
stop("Dimensions must equal length of bases. Make nrow(box) == length(bases)")
}
if( length(eta) != D) stop("Dimensions must equal length of Eta parameter.")
if( triangular & (D!=2)) warning("Triangular grids for D!=2 not implemented. Rectangular grid produced.")
# it is interesting to set elements of J to non-integers
if(is.null(J)){
# Compute n.boxes, because prod(eta) points are added inside each halton box and we desire N points
N.boxes <- N / prod(eta)
# Set default values of J so Halton boxes are as close to squares as possible
n.boxes <- rep(NA,D) # n boxes in each dimension
for( i in 1:D ){
n.boxes[i] <- ((delta[i]^(D-1))/prod(delta[-i]) * N.boxes)^(1/D)
}
# compute J which gives something close to n
J <- round( log(n.boxes)/log(bases) )
J <- ifelse(J <= 0,1,J) # ensure all J > 0
n.boxes <- bases^J
#print(round(n))
#tmp <- n - floor(n)
#tmp2 <- which.min(apply(cbind(tmp, 1-tmp ), 1, min))
#n[tmp2] <- round(n[tmp2])
#n[-tmp2] <- round( sqrt(N * c(dx,dy)[-tmp2]/c(dx,dy)[tmp2]) )
} else {
J <- ifelse(J <= 0,1,J) # ensure all J > 0
n.boxes <- bases^J
}
# Inflate n.boxes by eta (n.boxes is number of halton boxes in each dimension, now we need
# number of points)
n <- eta * n.boxes
# Construct sequences in each direction
coords <-vector("list",D)
if( is.null(dimnames(box)[[1]]) ){
names(coords) <- paste("d",1:D, sep="")
dimnames(box) <- list(paste("d",1:D, sep=""),c("min","max"))
} else {
names(coords) <- dimnames(box)[[1]]
}
for( i in 1:D ){
c.seq <- seq( 1, n[i] )
coords[[i]] <- (c.seq - 0.5)/n[i]
coords[[i]] <- ll.corner[i] + coords[[i]]*delta[i]
}
# Expand the grid
hl.coords <- expand.grid( coords, KEEP.OUT.ATTRS = FALSE )
# Make triangular if called for
if(triangular & (D==2)){
x.tweak <- rep(c(0.25,-0.25)*delta[1]/n[1], each=n[1]) # 2 rows
x.tweak <- rep( x.tweak, ceiling(n[2]/2) ) # correct length if n[2] even, too long by 1 row if n[2] odd
x.tweak <- x.tweak[1:prod(n)]
hl.coords[,1] <- hl.coords[,1] + x.tweak
}
# Add attributes
attr(hl.coords,"J") <- J
attr(hl.coords,"eta") <- eta
attr(hl.coords,"bases") <- bases
attr(hl.coords,"hl.bbox") <- box
attr(hl.coords,"triangular") <- triangular
hl.coords
}
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