PAND: Percentage of all non-overlapping data (PAND)

In SingleCaseES: A Calculator for Single-Case Effect Sizes

Percentage of all non-overlapping data (PAND)

Description

Calculates the percentage of all non-overlapping data index (Parker, Hagan-Burke, & Vannest, 2007; Parker, Vannest, & Davis, 2011).

Usage

PAND(
  A_data,
  B_data,
  condition,
  outcome,
  baseline_phase = NULL,
  intervention_phase = NULL,
  improvement = "increase"
)

Arguments

A_data	vector of numeric data for A phase. Missing values are dropped.
B_data	vector of numeric data for B phase. Missing values are dropped.
condition	vector identifying the treatment condition for each observation in the series.
outcome	vector of outcome data for the entire series.
baseline_phase	character string specifying which value of condition corresponds to the baseline phase. Defaults to first observed value of condition.
intervention_phase	character string specifying which value of condition corresponds to the intervention phase. Defaults to second unique value of condition.
improvement	character string indicating direction of improvement. Default is "increase".

Details

For an outcome where increase is desirable, PAND is calculated as the proportion of observations remaining after removing the fewest possible number of observations from either phase so that the highest remaining point from the baseline phase is less than the lowest remaining point from the treatment phase. For an outcome where decrease is desirable, PAND is calculated as the proportion of observations remaining after removing the fewest possible number of observations from either phase so that the lowest remaining point from the baseline phase is greater than the highest remaining point from the treatment phase. The range of PAND depends on the number of observations in each phase.

Value

Numeric value

References

Parker, R. I., Hagan-Burke, S., & Vannest, K. J. (2007). Percentage of all non-overlapping data (PAND): An alternative to PND. The Journal of Special Education, 40(4), 194–204. doi:\Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1177/00224669070400040101")}

Parker, R. I., Vannest, K. J., & Davis, J. L. (2011). Effect size in single-case research: A review of nine nonoverlap techniques. Behavior Modification, 35(4), 303–22. doi:\Sexpr[results=rd]{tools:::Rd_expr_doi("10.1177/0145445511399147")}

Examples

A <- c(20, 20, 26, 25, 22, 23)
B <- c(28, 25, 24, 27, 30, 30, 29)
PAND(A_data = A, B_data = B)

SingleCaseES documentation built on Aug. 12, 2023, 5:13 p.m.