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##########################################################
# This function generates binary data with user-defined #
# thresholds #
# #
# Arguments: #
# data - Either a matrix of binary (0/1) indicators or a #
# correlation matrix. #
# #
# n - The desired sample size of the simulated data. #
# #
# thresholds - If data is a correlation matrix then #
# thresholds must be a vector of threshold #
# cut points. #
# Smooth - (logical) smooth = TRUE will smooth the #
# tetrachoric correltion matrix #
# #
# Output #
# data - Simulated binary data #
# r - Input or calculated (tetrachoric) #
# correlation matrix #
# #
##########################################################
#' Generate Correlated Binary Data
#'
#' Function for generating binary data with population thresholds.
#'
#'
#' @param data Either a matrix of binary (0/1) indicators or a correlation
#' matrix.
#' @param n The desired sample size of the simulated data.
#' @param thresholds If data is a correlation matrix, thresholds must be a
#' vector of threshold cut points.
#' @param Smooth (logical) Smooth = TRUE will smooth the tetrachoric correltion
#' matrix.
#' @param seed Default = FALSE. Optional seed for random number generator.
#' @return \item{data}{Simulated binary data} \item{r}{Input or calculated
#' (tetrachoric) correlation matrix}
#' @author Niels G Waller
#' @keywords datagen
#' @examples
#'
#' ## Example: generating binary data to match
#' ## an existing binary data matrix
#' ##
#' ## Generate correlated scores using factor
#' ## analysis model
#' ## X <- Z *L' + U*D
#' ## Z is a vector of factor scores
#' ## L is a factor loading matrix
#' ## U is a matrix of unique factor scores
#' ## D is a scaling matrix for U
#'
#' N <- 5000
#'
#' # Generate data from a single factor model
#' # factor patter matrix
#' L <- matrix( rep(.707, 5), nrow = 5, ncol = 1)
#'
#' # common factor scores
#' Z <- as.matrix(rnorm(N))
#'
#' # unique factor scores
#' U <- matrix(rnorm(N *5), nrow = N, ncol = 5)
#' D <- diag(as.vector(sqrt(1 - L^2)))
#'
#' # observed scores
#' X <- Z %*% t(L) + U %*% D
#'
#' cat("\nCorrelation of continuous scores\n")
#' print(round(cor(X),3))
#'
#' # desired difficulties (i.e., means) of
#' # the dichotomized scores
#' difficulties <- c(.2, .3, .4, .5, .6)
#'
#' # cut the observed scores at these thresholds
#' # to approximate the above difficulties
#' thresholds <- qnorm(difficulties)
#'
#' Binary <- matrix(0, N, ncol(X))
#' for(i in 1:ncol(X)){
#' Binary[X[,i] <= thresholds[i],i] <- 1
#' }
#'
#' cat("\nCorrelation of Binary scores\n")
#' print(round(cor(Binary), 3))
#'
#' ## Now use 'bigen' to generate binary data matrix with
#' ## same correlations as in Binary
#'
#' z <- bigen(data = Binary, n = N)
#'
#' cat("\n\nnames in returned object\n")
#' print(names(z))
#'
#' cat("\nCorrelation of Simulated binary scores\n")
#' print(round(cor(z$data), 3))
#'
#'
#' cat("Observed thresholds of simulated data:\n")
#' cat(apply(z$data, 2, mean))
#' @export
bigen <- function(data, n, thresholds = NULL,
Smooth = FALSE, seed = NULL){
if(!is.null(seed)) set.seed(seed)
nr <- nrow(data)
nitems <- ncol(data)
##-----------------
## Function rmvnorm by F. Leisch
## a random number generator for the multivariate normal
## distribution with mean equal to mean and covariance matrix sigma.
rmvnorm<- function (n, mean = rep(0, nrow(sigma)), sigma = diag(length(mean)))
{
if (nrow(sigma) != ncol(sigma)) {
stop("sigma must be a square matrix")
}
if (length(mean) != nrow(sigma)) {
stop("mean and sigma have non-conforming size")
}
sigsvd <- svd(sigma)
retval <- t(sigsvd$v %*% (t(sigsvd$u) * sqrt(sigsvd$d)))
retval <- matrix(rnorm(n * ncol(sigma)), nrow = n) %*% retval
retval <- sweep(retval, 2, mean, "+")
retval
} #END rmvrnorm
#~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
## If binary data supplied, compute population tetrachoric
## correlation matrix
if(nr > nitems){
## compute thresholds from supplied binary data
thresholds <- qnorm(apply(data, 2, mean))
bidat <- matrix(0, nrow = n, ncol = nitems)
r <- tetcor(X = data, stderror = F, Smooth = Smooth)$r
## Generate MVN data
ghost <- rmvnorm(n, mean = rep(0, nitems), sigma = r)
## dichotomize data at thresholds
for(i in 1:nitems){
bidat[ghost[,i] <= thresholds[i], i] <- 1
}
result <- list(data = bidat, r=r)
}# END if(nr > nitems)
## If population correlation matrix supplied
if(nr == nitems){
if(is.null(thresholds))stop("thresholds must be supplied with r matrix input")
bidat <- matrix(0,nrow=n,ncol=nitems)
## if R = I
if(sum(data) == nitems){
ghost <- matrix(rnorm(n*nitems), n, nitems)
}
else { # R != I
ghost <- rmvnorm(n, mean = rep(0,nitems), sigma = data)
}
## dichotomize data at thresholds
for(i in 1:nitems){
bidat[ghost[, i] <= thresholds[i],i] <- 1
}
result<-list(data = bidat, r = data)
}
result
} #END fnc bigen
##~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~##
# N <- 500
# R <- matrix(.5,5,5)
# diag(R) <- 1
#
# # desired difficulties (i.e., means) of
# # the dichotomized scores
# difficulties <- c(.2, .3, .4, .5, .6)
#
# # cut the observed scores at these thresholds
# # to approximate the above difficulties
# thresholds <- qnorm(difficulties)
#
#
# ## Now use 'bigen' to generate binary data matrix with
# ## same correlations as in Binary
#
# out <- bigen(data = R, n = N, thresholds = thresholds)
#
# tetcor(out$data, stderror = F, PRINT = F)$r
# apply(out$data, 2, mean)
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