Nothing
#Initialize model.list to be fleshed out in the model info files and elsewhere.
model.list <- list()
#'Calculate the analytic steady state plasma concentration.
#'
#' @description
#' This function calculates the analytic steady state plasma or venous blood
#'concentrations as a result of infusion dosing for the three compartment and
#'multiple compartment PBTK models.
#'
#'
#'@param chem.name Either the chemical name, CAS number, or the parameters must
#'be specified.
#'
#'@param chem.cas Either the chemical name, CAS number, or the parameters must
#'be specified.
#'
#' @param dtxsid EPA's DSSTox Structure ID (\url{https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard})
#' the chemical must be identified by either CAS, name, or DTXSIDs
#'
#'@param parameters Chemical parameters from parameterize_pbtk (for model =
#''pbtk'), parameterize_3comp (for model = '3compartment),
#'parameterize_1comp(for model = '1compartment') or parameterize_steadystate
#'(for model = '3compartmentss'), overrides chem.name and chem.cas.
#'
#'@param species Species desired (either "Rat", "Rabbit", "Dog", "Mouse", or
#' default "Human").
#' @param route Route of exposure (either "oral", "iv", or "inhalation"
#' default "oral").
#'
#'@param daily.dose Total daily dose, mg/kg BW.
#'
#'@param exp.conc Specified inhalation exposure concentration for use in assembling
#''forcings' data series argument for integrator. Defaults to uM/L
#'
#'@param period For use in assembling forcing function data series 'forcings'
#'argument, specified in hours
#'
#'@param exp.duration For use in assembling forcing function data
#'series 'forcings' argument, specified in hours
#'
#'@param output.units Units for returned concentrations, defaults to uM
#'(specify units = "uM") but can also be mg/L.
#'
#'@param model Model used in calculation,'gas_pbtk' for the gas pbtk model,
#''pbtk' for the multiple compartment model,
#''3compartment' for the three compartment model, '3compartmentss' for
#'the three compartment steady state model, and '1compartment' for one
#'compartment model.
#'
#'@param suppress.messages Whether or not the output message is suppressed.
#'
#' @param tissue Desired steady state tissue concentration. Default is of NULL
#' typically gives whole body plasma concentration.
#'
#' @param concentration Desired concentration type: 'blood','tissue', or default
#' 'plasma'. In the case that the concentration is for plasma, selecting "blood"
#' will use the blood:plasma ratio to estimate blood concentration. In the case
#' that the argument 'tissue' specifies a particular tissue of the body,
#' concentration defaults to 'tissue' -- that is, the concentration in the
#' If cocentration is set to 'blood' or 'plasma' and 'tissue' specifies a
#' specific tissue then the value returned is for the plasma or blood in that
#' specific tissue.
#'
#'@param restrictive.clearance If TRUE (default), then only the fraction of
#' chemical not bound to protein is available for metabolism in the liver. If
#' FALSE, then all chemical in the liver is metabolized (faster metabolism due
#' to rapid off-binding).
#'
#'@param bioactive.free.invivo If FALSE (default), then the total concentration is treated
#' as bioactive in vivo. If TRUE, the the unbound (free) plasma concentration is treated as
#' bioactive in vivo. Only works with tissue = NULL in current implementation.
#'
#'@param IVIVE Honda et al. (2019) identified four plausible sets of
#'assumptions for \emph{in vitro-in vivo} extrapolation (IVIVE) assumptions.
#'Argument may be set to "Honda1" through "Honda4". If used, this function
#'overwrites the tissue, restrictive.clearance, and bioactive.free.invivo arguments.
#'See Details below for more information.
#'
#'@param parameterize.args List of arguments passed to model's associated
#' parameterization function, including default.to.human,
#' adjusted.Funbound.plasma, regression, and minimum.Funbound.plasma. The
#' default.to.human argument substitutes missing animal values with human values
#' if true, adjusted.Funbound.plasma returns adjusted Funbound.plasma when set
#' to TRUE along with parition coefficients calculated with this value,
#' regression indicates whether or not to use the regressions in calculating
#' partition coefficients, and minimum.Funbound.plasma is the value to which
#' Monte Carlo draws less than this value are set (default is 0.0001 -- half
#' the lowest measured Fup in our dataset).
#'
#'@param ... Additional parameters passed to parameterize function if
#'parameters is NULL.
#'
#'@return Steady state plasma concentration in specified units
#'
#'@details Concentrations are calculated for the specifed model with constant
#'oral infusion dosing. All tissues other than gut, liver, and lung are the
#'product of the steady state plasma concentration and the tissue to plasma
#'partition coefficient.
#'\tabular{lrrrr}{
#' \tab \emph{in vivo} Conc. \tab Metabolic Clearance \tab Bioactive Chemical Conc. \tab TK Statistic Used* \cr
#'Honda1 \tab Veinous (Plasma) \tab Restrictive \tab Free \tab Mean Conc. \cr
#'Honda2 \tab Veinous \tab Restrictive \tab Free \tab Max Conc. \cr
#'Honda3 \tab Veinous \tab Non-restrictive \tab Total \tab Mean Conc. \cr
#'Honda4 \tab Veinous \tab Non-restrictive \tab Total \tab Max Conc. \cr
#'Honda5 \tab Target Tissue \tab Non-restrictive \tab Total \tab Mean Conc. \cr
#'Honda6 \tab Target Tissue \tab Non-restrictive \tab Total \tab Max Conc. \cr
#'}
#'*Assumption is currently ignored because analytical steady-state solutions are currently used by this function.
#'
#'@examples
#'calc_analytic_css(chem.name='Bisphenol-A',output.units='mg/L',
#' model='3compartment',concentration='blood')
#'
#'calc_analytic_css(chem.name='Bisphenol-A',tissue='liver',species='rabbit',
#' parameterize.args = list(
#' default.to.human=TRUE,
#' adjusted.Funbound.plasma=TRUE,
#' regression=TRUE,
#' minimum.Funbound.plasma=1e-4),daily.dose=2)
#'
#'calc_analytic_css(chem.name="bisphenol a",model="1compartment")
#'
#'calc_analytic_css(chem.cas="80-05-7",model="3compartmentss")
#'
#'params <- parameterize_pbtk(chem.cas="80-05-7")
#'
#'calc_analytic_css(parameters=params,model="pbtk")
#'
#' # Try various chemicals with differing parameter sources/issues:
#' calc_analytic_css(chem.name="Betaxolol")
#' calc_analytic_css(chem.name="Tacrine",model="pbtk")
#' calc_analytic_css(chem.name="Dicofol",model="1compartment")
#' calc_analytic_css(chem.name="Diflubenzuron",model="3compartment")
#' calc_analytic_css(chem.name="Theobromine",model="3compartmentss")
#'
#' @seealso \code{\link{calc_css}}
#'
#'@author Robert Pearce, John Wambaugh, Greg Honda, Miyuki Breen
#'
#'@keywords Solve
#'
#'@references Honda, Gregory S., et al. "Using the Concordance of In Vitro and
#'In Vivo Data to Evaluate Extrapolation Assumptions." 2019. PLoS ONE 14(5): e0217564.
#'
#'@export calc_analytic_css
#'@import methods
calc_analytic_css <- function(chem.name=NULL,
chem.cas = NULL,
dtxsid = NULL,
parameters=NULL,
species="human",
daily.dose=1,
route="oral",
exp.conc = 1, #default exposure concentration for forcing data series
period = 24,
exp.duration = 24,
output.units='uM',
model = 'pbtk',
concentration='plasma',
suppress.messages=FALSE,
tissue=NULL,
restrictive.clearance = TRUE,
bioactive.free.invivo = FALSE,
IVIVE=NULL,
parameterize.args = list(),
...)
{
if (is.null(model)) stop("Model must be specified.")
# We need to know model-specific information (from modelinfo_[MODEL].R])
# to set up the solver:
model <- tolower(model)
if (!(model %in% names(model.list)))
{
stop(paste("Model",model,"not available. Please select from:",
paste(names(model.list),collapse=", ")))
}
parameterize_function <- model.list[[model]]$parameterize.func
# We need to describe the chemical to be simulated one way or another:
if (is.null(chem.cas) &
is.null(chem.name) &
is.null(dtxsid) &
is.null(parameters))
stop('parameters, chem.name, chem.cas, or dtxsid must be specified.')
# Error handling for tissue argument:
if (!is.null(tissue))
{
if (is.null(model.list[[model]]$alltissues))
{
stop(paste("Tissues are not available for model", model))
}
if (!(tissue %in% model.list[[model]]$alltissues))
{
stop(paste("Tissue", tissue, "not available for model", model))
}
}
# Error handling for concentration arugment:
if (!(concentration %in% c("blood","tissue","plasma")))
{
stop("Concentration must be one of blood, tissue, or plasma")
}
### MODEL PARAMETERS FOR R
# Make sure we have all the parameters necessary to describe the chemical (we don't
# necessarily need all parameters associated with a given model to do this:)
if (is.null(parameters))
{
# Look up the chemical name/CAS/dtxsid, depending on what was provided:
out <- get_chem_id(
chem.cas=chem.cas,
chem.name=chem.name,
dtxsid=dtxsid)
chem.cas <- out$chem.cas
chem.name <- out$chem.name
dtxsid <- out$dtxsid
# pass chemical information plus formal argument parameterize.args to the
# parameterization function specified by the appropriate modelinfo file:
parameters <- do.call(what=parameterize_function,
args=c(list(
chem.cas=chem.cas,
chem.name=chem.name,
dtxsid=dtxsid,
species=species,
suppress.messages=suppress.messages),
parameterize.args))
} else {
model_param_names <- model.list[[model]]$param.names
if (!all(model_param_names %in% names(parameters)))
{
stop(paste("Missing parameters:",
paste(model_param_names[which(!model_param_names %in%
names(parameters))],collapse=', '),
". Use parameters from",parameterize_function,".",sep=""))
}
}
# If argument IVIVE is set, change arguments to match Honda et al. (2019)
# IVIVE parameters:
if (!is.null(IVIVE))
{
out <- honda.ivive(method=IVIVE, tissue=tissue)
restrictive.clearance <- out[["restrictive.clearance"]]
tissue <- out[["tissue"]]
bioactive.free.invivo <- out[["bioactive.free.invivo"]]
concentration <- out[["concentration"]]
}
# If the hepatic metabolism is not slowed by plasma protein binding (non-
# restrictive clearance)
if (!restrictive.clearance) parameters$Clmetabolismc <-
parameters$Clmetabolismc / parameters$Funbound.plasma
# If there is not an explicit liver we need to include a factor for first-
# pass metabolism:
if (!is.null(model.list[[model]]$do.first.pass))
if (model.list[[model]]$do.first.pass)
{
parameters$Fgutabs <- parameters$Fgutabs * parameters$hepatic.bioavailability
}
if((bioactive.free.invivo == TRUE & !is.null(tissue)) |
(bioactive.free.invivo == TRUE & tolower(concentration) != "plasma")
){
stop("Option bioactive.free.invivo only works with tissue = NULL and concentration = \"plasma\".\n
Ctissue * Funbound.plasma is not a relevant concentration.\n
Cfree_blood should be the same as Cfree_plasma = Cplasma*Funbound.plasma.")
}
# Convert to hourly dose:
hourly.dose <- daily.dose / 24 # mg/kg/h
# Retrieve the molecular weight:
MW <- parameters[['MW']]
if (model %in% names(model.list))
{
if (route == "inhalation"){
Css <- do.call(model.list[[model]]$analytic.css.func,c(list(
chem.cas = chem.cas,
chem.name = chem.name,
dtxsid=dtxsid,
parameters=parameters,
exp.conc = exp.conc,
period = period,
exp.duration = exp.duration,
concentration=concentration,
suppress.messages=suppress.messages,
tissue=tissue,
restrictive.clearance=restrictive.clearance,
bioactive.free.invivo = bioactive.free.invivo),
list(...)))
} else if (route %in% c("oral","iv"))
{
Css <- do.call(model.list[[model]]$analytic.css.func,c(list(
chem.cas = chem.cas,
chem.name = chem.name,
dtxsid=dtxsid,
parameters=parameters,
hourly.dose=hourly.dose,
concentration=concentration,
suppress.messages=suppress.messages,
tissue=tissue,
restrictive.clearance=restrictive.clearance,
bioactive.free.invivo = bioactive.free.invivo),
list(...)))
}
} else {
stop(paste("Model",model,"not available. Please select from:",
paste(names(model.list),collapse=", ")))
}
# Check modelinfo file:
if (is.null(model.list[[model]]$steady.state.units))
stop(paste("steady.state.units not set for model",model))
# Convert units:
if (tolower(model.list[[model]]$steady.state.units) !=
tolower(output.units))
Css <- Css * convert_units(model.list[[model]]$steady.state.units,
output.units,
chem.cas = chem.cas,
chem.name = chem.name,
dtxsid=dtxsid,
parameters = parameters)
#User message:
if (!suppress.messages)
{
if (tolower(concentration)=="plasma") concentration <- "Plasma"
else if (tolower(concentration)=="blood") concentration <- "Blood"
else if (tolower(concentration) == "tissue") concentration <- "Tissue"
if(is.null(tissue)) cat(paste(concentration,"concentration returned in",output.units,"units.\n"))
else cat(paste(concentration,"concentration for",tissue,"returned in",output.units,"units.\n"))
}
# Cannot guarantee arbitrary precision:
Css <- set_httk_precision(Css)
return(as.numeric(Css))
}
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