Nothing
R/smoothContours.R
In soundgen: Sound Synthesis and Acoustic Analysis
Defines functions
reformatAnchors
getDiscreteContour
splitContour
drawContour
getSmoothContour
Documented in
drawContour
getDiscreteContour
getSmoothContour
reformatAnchors
splitContour
# Functions for generating and modifying smooth contours from a few anchors
#' Smooth contour from anchors
#'
#' Returns a smooth contour based on an arbitrary number of anchors. Used by
#' \code{\link{soundgen}} for generating intonation contour, mouth opening, etc.
#' This function is mostly intended to be used internally by soundgen, more
#' precisely to construct (upsample) smooth curves from a number of anchors. For
#' general upsampling or downsampling of audio, use \code{\link{resample}}. Note
#' that pitch contours are treated as a special case: values are log-transformed
#' prior to smoothing, so that with 2 anchors we get a linear transition on a
#' log scale (as if we were operating with musical notes rather than frequencies
#' in Hz). Pitch plots have two Y axes: one showing Hz and the other showing
#' musical notation.
#' @param anchors a numeric vector of values or a list/dataframe with one column
#' (value) or two columns (time and value). \code{achors$time} can be in ms
#' (with len=NULL) or in arbitrary units, eg 0 to 1 (with duration determined
#' by len, which must then be provided in ms). So anchors$time is assumed to
#' be in ms if len=NULL and relative if len is specified. \code{anchors$value}
#' can be on any scale.
#' @param len the required length of the output contour. If NULL, it will be
#' calculated based on the maximum time value (in ms) and \code{samplingRate}
#' @param thisIsPitch (boolean) is this a pitch contour? If true, log-transforms
#' before smoothing and plots in both Hz and musical notation
#' @param normalizeTime if TRUE, normalizes anchors$time values to range from 0 to 1
#' @param interpol method of interpolation between anchors: "approx" = linear
#' with \code{\link{approx}}, "spline" = cubic splines with
#' \code{\link{spline}}, "loess" = local polynomial regression with
#' \code{\link{loess}}
#' @param loessSpan controls the amount of smoothing when interpolating between
#' anchors with \code{\link[stats]{loess}}, so only has an effect if interpol
#' = 'loess' (1 = strong, 0.5 = weak smoothing)
#' @param discontThres if two anchors are closer in time than
#' \code{discontThres} (on a 0-1 scale, ie specified as proportion of total
#' length), the contour is broken into segments with a linear transition
#' between these segments
#' @param jumpThres if anchors are closer than \code{jumpThres}, a new section
#' starts with no transition at all (e.g. for adding pitch jumps)
#' @param valueFloor,valueCeiling lowser/upper bounds for the contour
#' @param plot (boolean) produce a plot?
#' @param samplingRate sampling rate used to convert time values to points (Hz)
#' @param voiced,contourLabel graphical pars for plotting breathing contours
#' (see examples below)
#' @param NA_to_zero if TRUE, all NAs are replaced with zero
#' @param xlim,ylim,xlab,ylab,main plotting options
#' @param ... other plotting options passed to \code{plot()}
#' @export
#' @return Returns a numeric vector of length \code{len}.
#' @examples
#' # long format: anchors are a dataframe
#' a = getSmoothContour(anchors = data.frame(
#' time = c(50, 137, 300), value = c(0.03, 0.78, 0.5)),
#' normalizeTime = FALSE,
#' voiced = 200, valueFloor = 0, plot = TRUE, main = '',
#' samplingRate = 16000) # breathing
#'
#' # short format: anchors are a vector (equal time steps assumed)
#' a = getSmoothContour(anchors = c(350, 800, 600),
#' len = 5500, thisIsPitch = TRUE, plot = TRUE,
#' samplingRate = 3500) # pitch
#'
#' # a single anchor gives constant value
#' a = getSmoothContour(anchors = 800,
#' len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE, plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#'
#' # two pitch anchors give loglinear F0 change
#' a = getSmoothContour(anchors = c(220, 440),
#' len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE, plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#'
#' ## Two closely spaced anchors produce a pitch jump
#' # one loess for the entire contour
#' a1 = getSmoothContour(anchors = list(time = c(0, .15, .2, .7, 1),
#' value = c(360, 116, 550, 700, 610)), len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE,
#' plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#' # two segments with a linear transition
#' a2 = getSmoothContour(anchors = list(time = c(0, .15, .17, .7, 1),
#' value = c(360, 116, 550, 700, 610)), len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE,
#' plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#' # two segments with an abrupt jump
#' a3 = getSmoothContour(anchors = list(time = c(0, .15, .155, .7, 1),
#' value = c(360, 116, 550, 700, 610)), len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE,
#' plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#' # compare:
#' plot(a2)
#' plot(a3) # NB: the segment before the jump is upsampled to compensate
#'
#' ## Control the amount of smoothing
#' getSmoothContour(c(1, 3, 9, 10, 9, 9, 2), len = 100, plot = TRUE,
#' loessSpan = NULL) # default amount of smoothing (depends on dur)
#' getSmoothContour(c(1, 3, 9, 10, 9, 9, 2), len = 100, plot = TRUE,
#' loessSpan = .85) # more smoothing than default
#' getSmoothContour(c(1, 3, 9, 10, 9, 9, 2), len = 100, plot = TRUE,
#' loessSpan = .5) # less smoothing
#' getSmoothContour(c(1, 3, 9, 10, 9, 9, 2), len = 100, plot = TRUE,
#' interpol = 'approx') # linear interpolation (no smoothing)
#'
#' ## Upsample preserving leading and trailing NAs
#' anchors = data.frame(time = c(1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 20, 23, 25, 30),
#' value = c(NA, NA, 10, 15, 12, NA, 17, 15, NA))
#' plot(anchors, type = 'b')
#' anchors_ups = getSmoothContour(
#' anchors, len = 200,
#' interpol = 'approx', # only approx can propagate NAs
#' NA_to_zero = FALSE, # preserve NAs
#' discontThres = 0) # don't break into sub-contours
#' plot(anchors_ups, type = 'b')
getSmoothContour = function(
anchors = data.frame(time = c(0, 1), value = c(0, 1)),
len = NULL,
thisIsPitch = FALSE,
normalizeTime = TRUE,
interpol = c('approx', 'spline', 'loess')[3],
loessSpan = NULL,
discontThres = .05,
jumpThres = .01,
valueFloor = NULL,
valueCeiling = NULL,
plot = FALSE,
xlim = NULL,
ylim = NULL,
xlab = 'Time, ms',
ylab = ifelse(thisIsPitch, 'Frequency, Hz', 'Amplitude'),
main = ifelse(thisIsPitch, 'Pitch contour', ''),
samplingRate = 16000,
voiced = NULL,
contourLabel = NULL,
NA_to_zero = TRUE,
...) {
anchors = reformatAnchors(anchors, normalizeTime = normalizeTime)
if (!is.null(len) && len == 1) return(anchors$value[1])
if (is.list(anchors)) {
if (nrow(anchors) > 10 & nrow(anchors) < 50 & interpol == 'loess') {
interpol = 'spline'
# warning('More than 10 anchors; changing interpolation method from loess to spline')
} else if (nrow(anchors) > 50) {
interpol = 'approx'
}
} else {
stop('Invalid format of the "anchors" argument')
}
if (!is.null(valueFloor)) {
anchors$value[anchors$value < valueFloor] = valueFloor
}
if (!is.null(valueCeiling)) {
anchors$value[anchors$value > valueCeiling] = valueCeiling
}
if (thisIsPitch) {
anchors$value = HzToSemitones(anchors$value)
if (!is.null(valueFloor))
valueFloor = HzToSemitones(valueFloor)
if (!is.null(valueCeiling))
valueCeiling = HzToSemitones(valueCeiling)
}
if (is.null(len)) {
# if len is null, we expect that anchors$time encoded
# the desired duration, in ms
duration_ms = max(anchors$time) - min(anchors$time)
len = floor(duration_ms * samplingRate / 1000)
} else {
anchors$time = anchors$time - min(anchors$time)
anchors$time = anchors$time / max(anchors$time) # strictly 0 to 1
duration_ms = len / samplingRate * 1000
}
if (!is.numeric(duration_ms) | !is.numeric(len)) {
return(NA)
} else if (duration_ms == 0 | len == 0) {
return(NA)
}
if (NA_to_zero) anchors$value[is.na(anchors$value)] = 0
# get smooth contours
nr = nrow(anchors)
if (nr == len) {
# nothing to do
smoothContour = anchors$value
} else if (nr > len) {
# downsample
smoothContour = suppressWarnings(.resample(list(sound = anchors$value),
mult = len / nr))
} else if (discontThres <= 0 | nr < 3) {
# upsample in one go
smoothContour = drawContour(len = len,
anchors = anchors,
interpol = interpol,
loessSpan = loessSpan,
valueFloor = valueFloor,
duration_ms = duration_ms)
} else {
# some anchors might be too close, so we split the contour into segments
# to avoid weird behavior of loess etc
sections = splitContour(anchors = anchors,
discontThres = discontThres,
jumpThres = jumpThres)
smoothContour = vector()
for (i in 1:nrow(sections)) {
segm_len = round((anchors$time[sections$end[i]] -
anchors$time[sections$start[i]]) /
diff(range(anchors$time)) * len)
cont = drawContour(len = segm_len,
anchors = anchors[sections$start[i]:sections$end[i], ],
interpol = interpol,
loessSpan = loessSpan,
valueFloor = valueFloor,
duration_ms = duration_ms)
transition = vector()
if (i < nrow(sections)) {
trans_len = round((anchors$time[sections$start[i + 1]] -
anchors$time[sections$end[i]]) /
diff(range(anchors$time)) * len)
if (sections$jump[i] & length(cont) > 0) {
# upsample the segment before the jump to make up for skipped transition
cont = approx(cont, n = length(cont) + trans_len)$y
} else {
# make a linear transition preserving spacing between anchors
transition = seq(anchors$value[sections$end[i]],
anchors$value[sections$start[i + 1]],
length.out = trans_len)
}
}
smoothContour = c(smoothContour, cont, transition)
}
if (length(smoothContour) != len) {
smoothContour = approx(smoothContour, n = len)$y
}
}
# plot(smoothContour, type='p')
if (plot) {
idx = seq(1, len, length.out = min(len, 100))
op = par("mar") # save user's original margin settings
if (len > 100) {
# for plotting, shorten smoothContour to max 100 points
# to reduce processing load
smoothContour_downsampled = smoothContour[idx]
} else {
smoothContour_downsampled = smoothContour
}
# plot(smoothContour_downsampled)
# presuming that len was specified and anchors$time are on a
# relative scale, we transform to ms for plotting
if (!max(anchors$time) > 1) {
anchors$time = anchors$time * duration_ms
time = seq(0, len, length.out = len)
x = time[idx] / samplingRate * 1000
} else { # time is already in ms
time = seq(anchors$time[1], anchors$time[nrow(anchors)], length.out = len)
x = time[idx]
}
if (thisIsPitch) {
# pitch - log-transformed
if (!is.numeric(ylim)) {
ylim = c(
min(smoothContour_downsampled) / 1.1, # can't be negative
max(smoothContour_downsampled) * 1.1
)
} else if (min(smoothContour_downsampled) < HzToSemitones(ylim[1])) {
ylim[1] = min(smoothContour_downsampled) / 1.1
} else if (max(smoothContour_downsampled) > HzToSemitones(ylim[2])) {
ylim[2] = max(smoothContour_downsampled) * 1.1
} else {
ylim = HzToSemitones(ylim)
}
lbls_semitones = unique(seq(ylim[1], ylim[2], length.out = 5))
# unique to remove duplicates, max 5 labels
lbls_notes = soundgen::notesDict$note[round(lbls_semitones) + 1]
lbls_Hz = round(semitonesToHz(lbls_semitones))
if (!exists('xlab')) xlab = 'Time, ms'
if (!exists('ylab')) ylab = 'Frequency, Hz'
par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 3)) # c(bottom, left, top, right)
plot(x, smoothContour_downsampled,
type = 'l', yaxt = "n", ylab = ylab, xlab = xlab,
ylim = ylim, main = main, ...)
axis(2, at = lbls_semitones, labels = lbls_Hz, las = 1)
axis(4, at = lbls_semitones, labels = lbls_notes, las = 1)
points(anchors$time, anchors$value, col = 'blue', cex = 3)
} else {
# not pitch - not log-transformed
# if (!max(anchors$time) > 1) {
# anchors$time = anchors$time * duration_ms
# } # presuming that len was specified and anchors$time are on a
# # relative scale, we transform to ms for plotting
par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 3)) # c(bottom, left, top, right)
if (is.null(xlim)) {
xlim = c(min(0, anchors$time[1]), anchors$time[length(anchors$time)])
}
if (is.null(ylim)) {
m1 = min(c(smoothContour, anchors$value))
m1 = ifelse(m1 > 0, m1 / 1.1, m1 * 1.1)
m2 = max(c(smoothContour, anchors$value))
m2 = ifelse(m2 > 0, m2 * 1.1, m1 / 1.1)
ylim = c(m1, m2)
# ylim = c(min(0, min(anchors$value)), max(0, max(anchors$value)))
}
plot(x, y = smoothContour_downsampled, type = 'l', ylab = ylab,
xlab = xlab, xlim = xlim, ylim = ylim, main = main, ...)
points(anchors$time, anchors$value, col = 'blue', cex = 3)
if (is.numeric(voiced)) {
lines(x = c(0, voiced), y = c(0, 0), col = 'blue', lwd = 10)
text(x = voiced / 2, y = abs(ylim[2] - ylim[1]) / 25,
adj = 0.5, labels = 'voiced part', col = 'blue')
text(x = anchors$time[nrow(anchors)],
y = anchors$value[nrow(anchors)] - (ylim[2] - ylim[1]) / 25,
adj = 1, labels = contourLabel, col = 'red')
}
}
par("mar" = op) # restore original margin settings
}
# NA's may arise if the first anchor time > 0
if (nrow(anchors) > 0 & NA_to_zero)
smoothContour[is.na(smoothContour)] = 0
# floor / ceiling
smoothContour[smoothContour < valueFloor] = valueFloor
smoothContour[smoothContour > valueCeiling] = valueCeiling
if (thisIsPitch)
smoothContour = semitonesToHz(smoothContour)
return(smoothContour)
}
#' Draw contour
#'
#' Internal soundgen function
#'
#' The core part of getSmoothContour() that actually performs the interpolation
#' between anchors.
#' @inheritParams getSmoothContour
#' @param duration_ms contour duration, ms
#' @keywords internal
drawContour = function(len,
anchors,
interpol,
valueFloor,
duration_ms = 500,
loessSpan = NULL) {
time = 1:len
nr = nrow(anchors)
if (nr == len) return(anchors$value)
if (nr == 1) {
# flat
smoothContour = rep(anchors$value[1], len)
} else if (nr == 2) {
# linear
smoothContour = seq(anchors$value[1], anchors$value[2], length.out = len)
} else {
# smooth contour
if (interpol == 'approx') {
# approx can handle NAs, but we only really care about leading/trailing
# NAs, because NAs in the middle can be handled automatically
if (is.na(anchors$value[1]) | is.na(anchors$value[nr])) {
# if there are leading and/or trailing NAs, we have to upsample them separately
# replace trailing NA with the first / last non-NA values
idx_notNA = which(!is.na(anchors$value))
idx_na = which(is.na(anchors$value))
n_leading_na = round(len * anchors$time[idx_notNA[1]])
n_trailing_na = round(len * (1 - anchors$time[tail(idx_notNA, 1)]))
n_mid = len - n_leading_na - n_trailing_na
leading_na = trailing_na = numeric(0)
if (n_leading_na > 0)
leading_na = rep(NA, n_leading_na)
if (n_trailing_na > 0)
trailing_na = rep(NA, n_trailing_na)
mid_new = approx(x = anchors$time, y = anchors$value, n = n_mid, na.rm = FALSE)$y
smoothContour = c(leading_na, mid_new, trailing_na)
} else {
smoothContour = approx(anchors$value, n = len, x = anchors$time, na.rm = FALSE)$y
}
# plot(smoothContour, type='l')
} else if (interpol == 'spline') {
smoothContour = spline(anchors$value, n = len, x = anchors$time)$y
# plot(smoothContour, type='l')
} else if (interpol == 'loess') {
anchor_time_points = anchors$time - min(anchors$time)
anchor_time_points = anchor_time_points / max(anchor_time_points) * len
anchor_time_points[anchor_time_points == 0] = 1
anchors_long = as.vector(rep(NA, len))
anchors_long[anchor_time_points] = anchors$value # plot(anchors_long)
# let's draw a smooth curve through the given anchors
if (is.null(loessSpan)) {
span = (1 / (1 + exp(duration_ms / 500)) + 0.5) /
1.1 ^ (nrow(anchors) - 3)
} else {
span = loessSpan
}
# NB: need to compensate for variable number of points, namely decrease
# smoothing as the number of points increases, hence the "1.1^..." term
# duration_ms = 50:9000
# span = 1 / (1 + exp(duration_ms / 500)) + 0.5
# plot(duration_ms, span, type = 'l')
l = suppressWarnings(loess(anchors_long ~ time, span = span))
# plot(time, anchors_long)
smoothContour = try(predict(l, time), silent = TRUE)
# plot(time, smoothContour)
# for long duration etc, larger span may be needed to avoid error in loess
if (is.null(loessSpan)) {
while(inherits(smoothContour, 'try-error')) {
span = span + 0.1
l = suppressWarnings(loess(anchors_long ~ time, span = span))
smoothContour = try(predict(l, time), silent = TRUE)
}
# plot(smoothContour, type = 'l')
while(any(smoothContour < valueFloor - 1e-6, na.rm = TRUE)) {
# in case we get values below valueFloor, less smoothing should be used
# NB: -1e-6 avoids floating point problem, otherwise we get
# weird cases of -120 (float) < -120 (integer)
span = span / 1.1
l = suppressWarnings(loess(anchors_long ~ time, span = span))
smoothContour = try(predict(l, time), silent = TRUE)
}
}
}
return(smoothContour)
}
}
#' Split contour
#'
#' Internal soundgen function
#'
#' Splits a smooth contour into several segments. A new segments is started if
#' the time step between two anchors is smaller than discontThres.
#' @param anchors a dataframe with two columns: time and value (time on any scale)
#' @inheritParams getSmoothContour
#' @return Returns a dataframe containing the index of anchor rows for start and
#' end of each segment and whether we want a transition or a jump between
#' segments.
#' @keywords internal
#' @examples
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, 370, 650, 655, 1050, 1400),
#' value = c(360, 316, 345, 550, 610, 590)))
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, .2, .205, .8, .81, 1),
#' value = c(360, 316, 345, 550, 610, 590)))
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, .4, .45, .6, .8, 1),
#' value = c(360, 316, 345, 550, 610, 590)))
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, .4, .45, .6, .8, 1),
#' value = c(360, 316, 345, 550, 610, 590)),
#' discontThres = .1)
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, 1),
#' value = c(360, 590)))
splitContour = function(anchors,
discontThres = .05,
jumpThres = .01) {
discont = which(diff(anchors$time) / diff(range(anchors$time)) < discontThres)
jumps = which(diff(anchors$time) / diff(range(anchors$time)) < jumpThres)
if (length(discont) > 0) {
sections = data.frame(start = 1,
end = rep(nrow(anchors), length(discont) + 1),
jump = FALSE)
for (j in 1:length(discont)) {
sections$end[j] = discont[j]
sections$start[j + 1] = discont[j] + 1
sections$jump[j] = discont[j] %in% jumps
}
} else {
sections = data.frame(start = 1, end = nrow(anchors), jump = FALSE)
}
return(sections)
}
#' Discrete smooth contour from anchors
#'
#' Internal soundgen function.
#'
#' A discrete version of \code{\link{getSmoothContour}} with modified plotting.
#' Intended for plotting variation in parameters across syllables.
#' @param len the number of syllables (equivalently, the length of generated
#' contour)
#' @inheritParams getSmoothContour
#' @param ylim ylim for plotting
#' @return Numeric vector.
#' @keywords internal
#' @examples
#' # for a bout consisting of 10 syllables
#' soundgen:::getDiscreteContour(len = 10, interpol = 'spline', plot = TRUE,
#' ylab = 'Semitones', anchors = data.frame(time = c(0, .2, .6, 1),
#' value = c(0, -3, 1, 0)))
getDiscreteContour = function(len,
anchors = data.frame(time = c(0, 1), value = c(1, 1)),
interpol = c('spline', 'loess')[2],
valueFloor = NULL,
valueCeiling = NULL,
ylim = NULL,
plot = FALSE,
...) {
contour = getSmoothContour(
len = len,
anchors = anchors,
interpol = interpol,
valueFloor = valueFloor,
valueCeiling = valueCeiling
)
if (plot) {
if (is.null(ylim)) {
ylim = c(min(min(contour), min(anchors$value)),
max(max(contour), max(anchors$value)))
}
plot (contour, type = 'b', xlab = 'Syllable', col = 'red', bg = 'red',
cex = 1, pch = 23, ylim = ylim, ...)
points (x = anchors$time * (len - 1) + 1, y = anchors$value, col = 'blue',
cex = 3)
}
return(contour)
}
#' Reformat anchors
#'
#' Internal soundgen function.
#'
#' Checks that the anchors are formatted in a valid way and expands them to a
#' standard dataframe with two columns: time and value. NB: works for all
#' anchors except "noise", whose anchors have to be scaled by sylLen and are
#' therefore processed directly in soundgen()
#' @param anchors a numeric vector of values or a list/dataframe with one column
#' (value) or two columns (time and value)
#' @param normalizeTime if TRUE, normalizes anchors$time values to range from 0 to 1
#' @keywords internal
#' @examples
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(150)
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(c(150, 200, 220))
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(anchors = list(value=c(150, 200, 220)))
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(anchors = list(time = c(0, 10, 100),
#' value = c(150, 200, 220)))
#' # returns NA
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors('aha')
#' \dontrun{
#' # returns NA with a warning
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(anchors = list(time = c(0, .1, 1),
#' freq = c(150, 200, 220)))
#'
#' # throws a warning and rearranges in order of time stamps
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(anchors = list(time = c(0, .8, .7, 1),
#' value = c(150, 200, 150, 220)))
#' }
reformatAnchors = function(anchors, normalizeTime = TRUE) {
if (is.numeric(anchors)) {
# for numeric vectors, assume these are equally spaced anchor values
anchors_df = data.frame(
time = seq(0, 1, length.out = max(2, length(anchors))),
value = anchors
)
} else if (is.list(anchors)) {
# for dataframes or lists, reformat if necessary
if (!is.data.frame(anchors)) {
anchors_df = as.data.frame(anchors)
} else {
anchors_df = anchors
}
if (ncol(anchors_df) == 1) {
# if there is only one vector, again assume these are values
anchors_df = data.frame(
time = seq(0, 1, length.out = max(2, nrow(anchors_df))),
value = anchors_df[, 1]
)
} else if (!identical(colnames(anchors_df), c('time', 'value'))) {
warning(paste('An anchor should be either numeric or a dataframe',
'with two columns: time and value.'))
return(NA)
}
} else {
return(NA)
}
# make sure time values are in the right order
if (any(diff(anchors_df$time) < 0)) {
anchors_df = anchors_df[order(anchors_df$time), ]
warning('Time stamps of anchors should increase monotonically; re-ordering...')
}
# make sure time ranges from 0 to 1
if (normalizeTime) anchors_df$time = zeroOne(anchors_df$time)
return(anchors_df)
}
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Defines functions reformatAnchors getDiscreteContour splitContour drawContour getSmoothContour
Documented in drawContour getDiscreteContour getSmoothContour reformatAnchors splitContour
# Functions for generating and modifying smooth contours from a few anchors
#' Smooth contour from anchors
#'
#' Returns a smooth contour based on an arbitrary number of anchors. Used by
#' \code{\link{soundgen}} for generating intonation contour, mouth opening, etc.
#' This function is mostly intended to be used internally by soundgen, more
#' precisely to construct (upsample) smooth curves from a number of anchors. For
#' general upsampling or downsampling of audio, use \code{\link{resample}}. Note
#' that pitch contours are treated as a special case: values are log-transformed
#' prior to smoothing, so that with 2 anchors we get a linear transition on a
#' log scale (as if we were operating with musical notes rather than frequencies
#' in Hz). Pitch plots have two Y axes: one showing Hz and the other showing
#' musical notation.
#' @param anchors a numeric vector of values or a list/dataframe with one column
#' (value) or two columns (time and value). \code{achors$time} can be in ms
#' (with len=NULL) or in arbitrary units, eg 0 to 1 (with duration determined
#' by len, which must then be provided in ms). So anchors$time is assumed to
#' be in ms if len=NULL and relative if len is specified. \code{anchors$value}
#' can be on any scale.
#' @param len the required length of the output contour. If NULL, it will be
#' calculated based on the maximum time value (in ms) and \code{samplingRate}
#' @param thisIsPitch (boolean) is this a pitch contour? If true, log-transforms
#' before smoothing and plots in both Hz and musical notation
#' @param normalizeTime if TRUE, normalizes anchors$time values to range from 0 to 1
#' @param interpol method of interpolation between anchors: "approx" = linear
#' with \code{\link{approx}}, "spline" = cubic splines with
#' \code{\link{spline}}, "loess" = local polynomial regression with
#' \code{\link{loess}}
#' @param loessSpan controls the amount of smoothing when interpolating between
#' anchors with \code{\link[stats]{loess}}, so only has an effect if interpol
#' = 'loess' (1 = strong, 0.5 = weak smoothing)
#' @param discontThres if two anchors are closer in time than
#' \code{discontThres} (on a 0-1 scale, ie specified as proportion of total
#' length), the contour is broken into segments with a linear transition
#' between these segments
#' @param jumpThres if anchors are closer than \code{jumpThres}, a new section
#' starts with no transition at all (e.g. for adding pitch jumps)
#' @param valueFloor,valueCeiling lowser/upper bounds for the contour
#' @param plot (boolean) produce a plot?
#' @param samplingRate sampling rate used to convert time values to points (Hz)
#' @param voiced,contourLabel graphical pars for plotting breathing contours
#' (see examples below)
#' @param NA_to_zero if TRUE, all NAs are replaced with zero
#' @param xlim,ylim,xlab,ylab,main plotting options
#' @param ... other plotting options passed to \code{plot()}
#' @export
#' @return Returns a numeric vector of length \code{len}.
#' @examples
#' # long format: anchors are a dataframe
#' a = getSmoothContour(anchors = data.frame(
#' time = c(50, 137, 300), value = c(0.03, 0.78, 0.5)),
#' normalizeTime = FALSE,
#' voiced = 200, valueFloor = 0, plot = TRUE, main = '',
#' samplingRate = 16000) # breathing
#'
#' # short format: anchors are a vector (equal time steps assumed)
#' a = getSmoothContour(anchors = c(350, 800, 600),
#' len = 5500, thisIsPitch = TRUE, plot = TRUE,
#' samplingRate = 3500) # pitch
#'
#' # a single anchor gives constant value
#' a = getSmoothContour(anchors = 800,
#' len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE, plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#'
#' # two pitch anchors give loglinear F0 change
#' a = getSmoothContour(anchors = c(220, 440),
#' len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE, plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#'
#' ## Two closely spaced anchors produce a pitch jump
#' # one loess for the entire contour
#' a1 = getSmoothContour(anchors = list(time = c(0, .15, .2, .7, 1),
#' value = c(360, 116, 550, 700, 610)), len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE,
#' plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#' # two segments with a linear transition
#' a2 = getSmoothContour(anchors = list(time = c(0, .15, .17, .7, 1),
#' value = c(360, 116, 550, 700, 610)), len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE,
#' plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#' # two segments with an abrupt jump
#' a3 = getSmoothContour(anchors = list(time = c(0, .15, .155, .7, 1),
#' value = c(360, 116, 550, 700, 610)), len = 500, thisIsPitch = TRUE,
#' plot = TRUE, samplingRate = 500)
#' # compare:
#' plot(a2)
#' plot(a3) # NB: the segment before the jump is upsampled to compensate
#'
#' ## Control the amount of smoothing
#' getSmoothContour(c(1, 3, 9, 10, 9, 9, 2), len = 100, plot = TRUE,
#' loessSpan = NULL) # default amount of smoothing (depends on dur)
#' getSmoothContour(c(1, 3, 9, 10, 9, 9, 2), len = 100, plot = TRUE,
#' loessSpan = .85) # more smoothing than default
#' getSmoothContour(c(1, 3, 9, 10, 9, 9, 2), len = 100, plot = TRUE,
#' loessSpan = .5) # less smoothing
#' getSmoothContour(c(1, 3, 9, 10, 9, 9, 2), len = 100, plot = TRUE,
#' interpol = 'approx') # linear interpolation (no smoothing)
#'
#' ## Upsample preserving leading and trailing NAs
#' anchors = data.frame(time = c(1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 20, 23, 25, 30),
#' value = c(NA, NA, 10, 15, 12, NA, 17, 15, NA))
#' plot(anchors, type = 'b')
#' anchors_ups = getSmoothContour(
#' anchors, len = 200,
#' interpol = 'approx', # only approx can propagate NAs
#' NA_to_zero = FALSE, # preserve NAs
#' discontThres = 0) # don't break into sub-contours
#' plot(anchors_ups, type = 'b')
getSmoothContour = function(
anchors = data.frame(time = c(0, 1), value = c(0, 1)),
len = NULL,
thisIsPitch = FALSE,
normalizeTime = TRUE,
interpol = c('approx', 'spline', 'loess')[3],
loessSpan = NULL,
discontThres = .05,
jumpThres = .01,
valueFloor = NULL,
valueCeiling = NULL,
plot = FALSE,
xlim = NULL,
ylim = NULL,
xlab = 'Time, ms',
ylab = ifelse(thisIsPitch, 'Frequency, Hz', 'Amplitude'),
main = ifelse(thisIsPitch, 'Pitch contour', ''),
samplingRate = 16000,
voiced = NULL,
contourLabel = NULL,
NA_to_zero = TRUE,
...) {
anchors = reformatAnchors(anchors, normalizeTime = normalizeTime)
if (!is.null(len) && len == 1) return(anchors$value[1])
if (is.list(anchors)) {
if (nrow(anchors) > 10 & nrow(anchors) < 50 & interpol == 'loess') {
interpol = 'spline'
# warning('More than 10 anchors; changing interpolation method from loess to spline')
} else if (nrow(anchors) > 50) {
interpol = 'approx'
}
} else {
stop('Invalid format of the "anchors" argument')
}
if (!is.null(valueFloor)) {
anchors$value[anchors$value < valueFloor] = valueFloor
}
if (!is.null(valueCeiling)) {
anchors$value[anchors$value > valueCeiling] = valueCeiling
}
if (thisIsPitch) {
anchors$value = HzToSemitones(anchors$value)
if (!is.null(valueFloor))
valueFloor = HzToSemitones(valueFloor)
if (!is.null(valueCeiling))
valueCeiling = HzToSemitones(valueCeiling)
}
if (is.null(len)) {
# if len is null, we expect that anchors$time encoded
# the desired duration, in ms
duration_ms = max(anchors$time) - min(anchors$time)
len = floor(duration_ms * samplingRate / 1000)
} else {
anchors$time = anchors$time - min(anchors$time)
anchors$time = anchors$time / max(anchors$time) # strictly 0 to 1
duration_ms = len / samplingRate * 1000
}
if (!is.numeric(duration_ms) | !is.numeric(len)) {
return(NA)
} else if (duration_ms == 0 | len == 0) {
return(NA)
}
if (NA_to_zero) anchors$value[is.na(anchors$value)] = 0
# get smooth contours
nr = nrow(anchors)
if (nr == len) {
# nothing to do
smoothContour = anchors$value
} else if (nr > len) {
# downsample
smoothContour = suppressWarnings(.resample(list(sound = anchors$value),
mult = len / nr))
} else if (discontThres <= 0 | nr < 3) {
# upsample in one go
smoothContour = drawContour(len = len,
anchors = anchors,
interpol = interpol,
loessSpan = loessSpan,
valueFloor = valueFloor,
duration_ms = duration_ms)
} else {
# some anchors might be too close, so we split the contour into segments
# to avoid weird behavior of loess etc
sections = splitContour(anchors = anchors,
discontThres = discontThres,
jumpThres = jumpThres)
smoothContour = vector()
for (i in 1:nrow(sections)) {
segm_len = round((anchors$time[sections$end[i]] -
anchors$time[sections$start[i]]) /
diff(range(anchors$time)) * len)
cont = drawContour(len = segm_len,
anchors = anchors[sections$start[i]:sections$end[i], ],
interpol = interpol,
loessSpan = loessSpan,
valueFloor = valueFloor,
duration_ms = duration_ms)
transition = vector()
if (i < nrow(sections)) {
trans_len = round((anchors$time[sections$start[i + 1]] -
anchors$time[sections$end[i]]) /
diff(range(anchors$time)) * len)
if (sections$jump[i] & length(cont) > 0) {
# upsample the segment before the jump to make up for skipped transition
cont = approx(cont, n = length(cont) + trans_len)$y
} else {
# make a linear transition preserving spacing between anchors
transition = seq(anchors$value[sections$end[i]],
anchors$value[sections$start[i + 1]],
length.out = trans_len)
}
}
smoothContour = c(smoothContour, cont, transition)
}
if (length(smoothContour) != len) {
smoothContour = approx(smoothContour, n = len)$y
}
}
# plot(smoothContour, type='p')
if (plot) {
idx = seq(1, len, length.out = min(len, 100))
op = par("mar") # save user's original margin settings
if (len > 100) {
# for plotting, shorten smoothContour to max 100 points
# to reduce processing load
smoothContour_downsampled = smoothContour[idx]
} else {
smoothContour_downsampled = smoothContour
}
# plot(smoothContour_downsampled)
# presuming that len was specified and anchors$time are on a
# relative scale, we transform to ms for plotting
if (!max(anchors$time) > 1) {
anchors$time = anchors$time * duration_ms
time = seq(0, len, length.out = len)
x = time[idx] / samplingRate * 1000
} else { # time is already in ms
time = seq(anchors$time[1], anchors$time[nrow(anchors)], length.out = len)
x = time[idx]
}
if (thisIsPitch) {
# pitch - log-transformed
if (!is.numeric(ylim)) {
ylim = c(
min(smoothContour_downsampled) / 1.1, # can't be negative
max(smoothContour_downsampled) * 1.1
)
} else if (min(smoothContour_downsampled) < HzToSemitones(ylim[1])) {
ylim[1] = min(smoothContour_downsampled) / 1.1
} else if (max(smoothContour_downsampled) > HzToSemitones(ylim[2])) {
ylim[2] = max(smoothContour_downsampled) * 1.1
} else {
ylim = HzToSemitones(ylim)
}
lbls_semitones = unique(seq(ylim[1], ylim[2], length.out = 5))
# unique to remove duplicates, max 5 labels
lbls_notes = soundgen::notesDict$note[round(lbls_semitones) + 1]
lbls_Hz = round(semitonesToHz(lbls_semitones))
if (!exists('xlab')) xlab = 'Time, ms'
if (!exists('ylab')) ylab = 'Frequency, Hz'
par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 3)) # c(bottom, left, top, right)
plot(x, smoothContour_downsampled,
type = 'l', yaxt = "n", ylab = ylab, xlab = xlab,
ylim = ylim, main = main, ...)
axis(2, at = lbls_semitones, labels = lbls_Hz, las = 1)
axis(4, at = lbls_semitones, labels = lbls_notes, las = 1)
points(anchors$time, anchors$value, col = 'blue', cex = 3)
} else {
# not pitch - not log-transformed
# if (!max(anchors$time) > 1) {
# anchors$time = anchors$time * duration_ms
# } # presuming that len was specified and anchors$time are on a
# # relative scale, we transform to ms for plotting
par(mar = c(5, 4, 4, 3)) # c(bottom, left, top, right)
if (is.null(xlim)) {
xlim = c(min(0, anchors$time[1]), anchors$time[length(anchors$time)])
}
if (is.null(ylim)) {
m1 = min(c(smoothContour, anchors$value))
m1 = ifelse(m1 > 0, m1 / 1.1, m1 * 1.1)
m2 = max(c(smoothContour, anchors$value))
m2 = ifelse(m2 > 0, m2 * 1.1, m1 / 1.1)
ylim = c(m1, m2)
# ylim = c(min(0, min(anchors$value)), max(0, max(anchors$value)))
}
plot(x, y = smoothContour_downsampled, type = 'l', ylab = ylab,
xlab = xlab, xlim = xlim, ylim = ylim, main = main, ...)
points(anchors$time, anchors$value, col = 'blue', cex = 3)
if (is.numeric(voiced)) {
lines(x = c(0, voiced), y = c(0, 0), col = 'blue', lwd = 10)
text(x = voiced / 2, y = abs(ylim[2] - ylim[1]) / 25,
adj = 0.5, labels = 'voiced part', col = 'blue')
text(x = anchors$time[nrow(anchors)],
y = anchors$value[nrow(anchors)] - (ylim[2] - ylim[1]) / 25,
adj = 1, labels = contourLabel, col = 'red')
}
}
par("mar" = op) # restore original margin settings
}
# NA's may arise if the first anchor time > 0
if (nrow(anchors) > 0 & NA_to_zero)
smoothContour[is.na(smoothContour)] = 0
# floor / ceiling
smoothContour[smoothContour < valueFloor] = valueFloor
smoothContour[smoothContour > valueCeiling] = valueCeiling
if (thisIsPitch)
smoothContour = semitonesToHz(smoothContour)
return(smoothContour)
}
#' Draw contour
#'
#' Internal soundgen function
#'
#' The core part of getSmoothContour() that actually performs the interpolation
#' between anchors.
#' @inheritParams getSmoothContour
#' @param duration_ms contour duration, ms
#' @keywords internal
drawContour = function(len,
anchors,
interpol,
valueFloor,
duration_ms = 500,
loessSpan = NULL) {
time = 1:len
nr = nrow(anchors)
if (nr == len) return(anchors$value)
if (nr == 1) {
# flat
smoothContour = rep(anchors$value[1], len)
} else if (nr == 2) {
# linear
smoothContour = seq(anchors$value[1], anchors$value[2], length.out = len)
} else {
# smooth contour
if (interpol == 'approx') {
# approx can handle NAs, but we only really care about leading/trailing
# NAs, because NAs in the middle can be handled automatically
if (is.na(anchors$value[1]) | is.na(anchors$value[nr])) {
# if there are leading and/or trailing NAs, we have to upsample them separately
# replace trailing NA with the first / last non-NA values
idx_notNA = which(!is.na(anchors$value))
idx_na = which(is.na(anchors$value))
n_leading_na = round(len * anchors$time[idx_notNA[1]])
n_trailing_na = round(len * (1 - anchors$time[tail(idx_notNA, 1)]))
n_mid = len - n_leading_na - n_trailing_na
leading_na = trailing_na = numeric(0)
if (n_leading_na > 0)
leading_na = rep(NA, n_leading_na)
if (n_trailing_na > 0)
trailing_na = rep(NA, n_trailing_na)
mid_new = approx(x = anchors$time, y = anchors$value, n = n_mid, na.rm = FALSE)$y
smoothContour = c(leading_na, mid_new, trailing_na)
} else {
smoothContour = approx(anchors$value, n = len, x = anchors$time, na.rm = FALSE)$y
}
# plot(smoothContour, type='l')
} else if (interpol == 'spline') {
smoothContour = spline(anchors$value, n = len, x = anchors$time)$y
# plot(smoothContour, type='l')
} else if (interpol == 'loess') {
anchor_time_points = anchors$time - min(anchors$time)
anchor_time_points = anchor_time_points / max(anchor_time_points) * len
anchor_time_points[anchor_time_points == 0] = 1
anchors_long = as.vector(rep(NA, len))
anchors_long[anchor_time_points] = anchors$value # plot(anchors_long)
# let's draw a smooth curve through the given anchors
if (is.null(loessSpan)) {
span = (1 / (1 + exp(duration_ms / 500)) + 0.5) /
1.1 ^ (nrow(anchors) - 3)
} else {
span = loessSpan
}
# NB: need to compensate for variable number of points, namely decrease
# smoothing as the number of points increases, hence the "1.1^..." term
# duration_ms = 50:9000
# span = 1 / (1 + exp(duration_ms / 500)) + 0.5
# plot(duration_ms, span, type = 'l')
l = suppressWarnings(loess(anchors_long ~ time, span = span))
# plot(time, anchors_long)
smoothContour = try(predict(l, time), silent = TRUE)
# plot(time, smoothContour)
# for long duration etc, larger span may be needed to avoid error in loess
if (is.null(loessSpan)) {
while(inherits(smoothContour, 'try-error')) {
span = span + 0.1
l = suppressWarnings(loess(anchors_long ~ time, span = span))
smoothContour = try(predict(l, time), silent = TRUE)
}
# plot(smoothContour, type = 'l')
while(any(smoothContour < valueFloor - 1e-6, na.rm = TRUE)) {
# in case we get values below valueFloor, less smoothing should be used
# NB: -1e-6 avoids floating point problem, otherwise we get
# weird cases of -120 (float) < -120 (integer)
span = span / 1.1
l = suppressWarnings(loess(anchors_long ~ time, span = span))
smoothContour = try(predict(l, time), silent = TRUE)
}
}
}
return(smoothContour)
}
}
#' Split contour
#'
#' Internal soundgen function
#'
#' Splits a smooth contour into several segments. A new segments is started if
#' the time step between two anchors is smaller than discontThres.
#' @param anchors a dataframe with two columns: time and value (time on any scale)
#' @inheritParams getSmoothContour
#' @return Returns a dataframe containing the index of anchor rows for start and
#' end of each segment and whether we want a transition or a jump between
#' segments.
#' @keywords internal
#' @examples
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, 370, 650, 655, 1050, 1400),
#' value = c(360, 316, 345, 550, 610, 590)))
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, .2, .205, .8, .81, 1),
#' value = c(360, 316, 345, 550, 610, 590)))
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, .4, .45, .6, .8, 1),
#' value = c(360, 316, 345, 550, 610, 590)))
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, .4, .45, .6, .8, 1),
#' value = c(360, 316, 345, 550, 610, 590)),
#' discontThres = .1)
#' soundgen:::splitContour(data.frame(time = c(0, 1),
#' value = c(360, 590)))
splitContour = function(anchors,
discontThres = .05,
jumpThres = .01) {
discont = which(diff(anchors$time) / diff(range(anchors$time)) < discontThres)
jumps = which(diff(anchors$time) / diff(range(anchors$time)) < jumpThres)
if (length(discont) > 0) {
sections = data.frame(start = 1,
end = rep(nrow(anchors), length(discont) + 1),
jump = FALSE)
for (j in 1:length(discont)) {
sections$end[j] = discont[j]
sections$start[j + 1] = discont[j] + 1
sections$jump[j] = discont[j] %in% jumps
}
} else {
sections = data.frame(start = 1, end = nrow(anchors), jump = FALSE)
}
return(sections)
}
#' Discrete smooth contour from anchors
#'
#' Internal soundgen function.
#'
#' A discrete version of \code{\link{getSmoothContour}} with modified plotting.
#' Intended for plotting variation in parameters across syllables.
#' @param len the number of syllables (equivalently, the length of generated
#' contour)
#' @inheritParams getSmoothContour
#' @param ylim ylim for plotting
#' @return Numeric vector.
#' @keywords internal
#' @examples
#' # for a bout consisting of 10 syllables
#' soundgen:::getDiscreteContour(len = 10, interpol = 'spline', plot = TRUE,
#' ylab = 'Semitones', anchors = data.frame(time = c(0, .2, .6, 1),
#' value = c(0, -3, 1, 0)))
getDiscreteContour = function(len,
anchors = data.frame(time = c(0, 1), value = c(1, 1)),
interpol = c('spline', 'loess')[2],
valueFloor = NULL,
valueCeiling = NULL,
ylim = NULL,
plot = FALSE,
...) {
contour = getSmoothContour(
len = len,
anchors = anchors,
interpol = interpol,
valueFloor = valueFloor,
valueCeiling = valueCeiling
)
if (plot) {
if (is.null(ylim)) {
ylim = c(min(min(contour), min(anchors$value)),
max(max(contour), max(anchors$value)))
}
plot (contour, type = 'b', xlab = 'Syllable', col = 'red', bg = 'red',
cex = 1, pch = 23, ylim = ylim, ...)
points (x = anchors$time * (len - 1) + 1, y = anchors$value, col = 'blue',
cex = 3)
}
return(contour)
}
#' Reformat anchors
#'
#' Internal soundgen function.
#'
#' Checks that the anchors are formatted in a valid way and expands them to a
#' standard dataframe with two columns: time and value. NB: works for all
#' anchors except "noise", whose anchors have to be scaled by sylLen and are
#' therefore processed directly in soundgen()
#' @param anchors a numeric vector of values or a list/dataframe with one column
#' (value) or two columns (time and value)
#' @param normalizeTime if TRUE, normalizes anchors$time values to range from 0 to 1
#' @keywords internal
#' @examples
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(150)
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(c(150, 200, 220))
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(anchors = list(value=c(150, 200, 220)))
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(anchors = list(time = c(0, 10, 100),
#' value = c(150, 200, 220)))
#' # returns NA
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors('aha')
#' \dontrun{
#' # returns NA with a warning
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(anchors = list(time = c(0, .1, 1),
#' freq = c(150, 200, 220)))
#'
#' # throws a warning and rearranges in order of time stamps
#' soundgen:::reformatAnchors(anchors = list(time = c(0, .8, .7, 1),
#' value = c(150, 200, 150, 220)))
#' }
reformatAnchors = function(anchors, normalizeTime = TRUE) {
if (is.numeric(anchors)) {
# for numeric vectors, assume these are equally spaced anchor values
anchors_df = data.frame(
time = seq(0, 1, length.out = max(2, length(anchors))),
value = anchors
)
} else if (is.list(anchors)) {
# for dataframes or lists, reformat if necessary
if (!is.data.frame(anchors)) {
anchors_df = as.data.frame(anchors)
} else {
anchors_df = anchors
}
if (ncol(anchors_df) == 1) {
# if there is only one vector, again assume these are values
anchors_df = data.frame(
time = seq(0, 1, length.out = max(2, nrow(anchors_df))),
value = anchors_df[, 1]
)
} else if (!identical(colnames(anchors_df), c('time', 'value'))) {
warning(paste('An anchor should be either numeric or a dataframe',
'with two columns: time and value.'))
return(NA)
}
} else {
return(NA)
}
# make sure time values are in the right order
if (any(diff(anchors_df$time) < 0)) {
anchors_df = anchors_df[order(anchors_df$time), ]
warning('Time stamps of anchors should increase monotonically; re-ordering...')
}
# make sure time ranges from 0 to 1
if (normalizeTime) anchors_df$time = zeroOne(anchors_df$time)
return(anchors_df)
}
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