Nothing
## D: dimension of the point sets
## M, N: number of points in each point sets
## X: N x D matrix with the first point set
## Y: M x D matrix with the second point set (= the GMM centroids)
## R: D x D rotation matrix
## t: 1 x D translation vector
## s: scaling factor
## P: Posterior probabilities of the GMM centroids given the data point
## w: weight of the uniform distribution
#' apply_transformation
#'
#' Apply rotation and translation to a point set
#'
#' @param X a point set as an N x D matrix
#' @param R D x D rotation matrix
#' @param t 1 x D translation vector
#' @param s scaling factor
#' @return transformed point set as a N x D matrix
#' @export
apply_transformation <- function(X, R, t, s) {
return(t(apply(X, 1, function(p) s * R %*% as.matrix(p) + t)))
}
#' tr
#'
#' Compute the trace of a matrix
#'
#' @param x matrix
#' @return trace of the matrix
#' @export
tr <- function(x) {
return(sum(diag(x)))
}
#' standardize_coordinates
#'
#' Transform coordinates to have mean 0 and standard deviation 1
#'
#' @param X point set as N x D matrix
#' @return a list of
#' X: standardized matrix,
#' mu: vector of means,
#' sigma: standard deviation
#' @export
standardize_coordinates <- function(X) {
mu <- colMeans(X)
Xs <- t(apply(X, 1, function(x) {x - mu}))
sigma <- sqrt(sum(Xs * Xs))
Xs <- Xs/sigma
return(list(X = Xs, mu = mu, sigma = sigma))
}
#' restore_coordinates
#'
#' Restore coordinates from mean 0 and standard deviation 1
#' to their original distribution
#'
#' @param X standardized point set as N x D matrix
#' @param mu 1 x D vector of means
#' @param sigma standard deviation
#' @return N X D matrix of unstandardized coordinates
#' @export
restore_coordinates <- function(X, mu, sigma) {
X <- X * sigma
X <- t(apply(X, 1, function(x) {x + mu}))
return(X)
}
#' cpd
#'
#' Affine and rigid registration of two point sets using the coherent point drift algorithm.
#' See: Myronenko A., Song X. (2010): "Point-Set Registration: Coherent Point Drift",
#' IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 32, issue 12, pp. 2262-2275.
#'
#' @param X reference point set, a N x D matrix
#' @param Y point set to transform, a M x D matrix,
#' @param w noise weight in the range [0, 1)
#' @param weights a M x N matrix of point correspondence weights
#' @param scale logical (default: FALSE), whether to use scaling
#' @param maxIter maximum number of iterations to perform (default: 100)
#' @param subsample if set, use this randomly selected fraction of the points
#' @param tol tolerance for determining convergence
#' @return a list of
#' \itemize{
#' \item Y: transformed point set,
#' \item R: rotation matrix,
#' \item t: translation vector,
#' \item s: scaling factor,
#' \item P: matrix of correspondence probabilities between the two point sets,
#' \item sigma: final variance,
#' \item iter: number of iterations performed,
#' \item converged: boolean, whether the algorithm has converged.
#' }
#' @examples
#' data.file1 <- system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusA.txt", package = "LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE)
#' PS1 <- read.csv(data.file1, sep = '\t', header = FALSE)
#' data.file2 <- system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusB.txt", package = "LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE)
#' PS2 <- read.csv(data.file2, sep = '\t', header = FALSE)
#' transformation <- cpd(PS1, PS2, maxIter = 10, tol = 1e-3)
#' \dontrun{
#' # Visualize registration outcome
#' library(rgl)
#' plot3d(PS1, col = "blue")
#' points3d(PS2, col = "green")
#' points3d(transformation[['Y']], col = "magenta")
#' }
#' @export
cpd <- function(X, Y, w = 0, weights = NULL, scale = FALSE, maxIter = 100, subsample = NULL, tol = 1e-4) {
if (dim(Y)[2]!=dim(X)[2]) {
stop("ERROR: Point sets must have same dimension")
}
if (w >= 1 || w < 0) {
stop("ERROR: w must be in the interval [0,1)")
}
if (!is.null(subsample) && (subsample >= 1 || subsample<=0)) {
stop("ERROR: subsample must be a fraction between 0 and 1")
}
D <- dim(X)[2]
X <- as.matrix(X)
Xs <- standardize_coordinates(X)
X <- Xs[["X"]]
Y <- as.matrix(Y)
Ys <- standardize_coordinates(Y)
Y <- Ys[["X"]]
Y0 <- NULL
if(!is.null(subsample)) {
sample.X <- sample(nrow(X), floor(subsample * nrow(X)))
sample.Y <- sample(nrow(Y), floor(subsample * nrow(Y)))
X <- X[sample.X,]
Y0 <- Y
Y <- Y[sample.Y,]
if(!is.null(weights)) {
weights <- weights[sample.Y, sample.X]
}
}
M <- dim(Y)[1]
N <- dim(X)[1]
R <- diag(D)
t <- rep(0, D)
s <- 1
Yt <- apply_transformation(Y, R, t, s)
sigma <- sum(proxy::dist(X,Y)^2)/(D*M*N)
P <- matrix(NA, nrow = M, ncol = N)
sigma.old <- Inf
steps <- 0
converged <- FALSE
while(steps<maxIter) {
steps <- steps + 1
## E step. Compute P.
noise <- (2*pi*sigma)^(0.5*D)*(w*M)/((1-w)*N)
dist <- proxy::dist(Yt,X)^2
if(!is.null(weights)) {
dist <- dist / (weights+1e-9)
}
P <- exp(-dist/(2*sigma)) + 1e-9
P <- apply(P, 2, function(x) {x/(sum(x) + noise)})
## M step. Compute R, t, sigma
Np <- sum(P)
muX <- colSums(X * colSums(P))/Np
muY <- colSums(Y * rowSums(P))/Np
Xhat <- t(apply(X, 1, function(x) {x - muX}))
Yhat <- t(apply(Y, 1, function(x) {x - muY}))
A <- t(Xhat) %*% t(P) %*% Yhat
svd.A <- svd(A)
C <- diag(D)
C[length(C)] <- det(svd.A$u) * det(svd.A$v)
R <- svd.A$u %*% C %*% t(svd.A$v)
if(scale) {
s <- sum(A*R)/tr(t(Yhat) %*% (diag(rowSums(P)) %*% Yhat))
}
t <- muX - s * R %*% muY
Yt <- apply_transformation(Y, R, t, s)
sigma.old <- sigma
if(scale) {
sigma <- (tr(Xhat %*% t(Xhat) %*% diag(colSums(P))) - s * sum(A*R))/(Np*D)
} else {
sigma <- (tr(Xhat %*% t(Xhat) %*% diag(colSums(P))) +
tr(t(Yhat) %*% (diag(rowSums(P)) %*% Yhat)) - 2 * sum(A*R))/(Np*D)
}
conv <- abs(log(sigma.old) - log(sigma))
if(conv < tol) {
converged <- TRUE
break
}
}
if(!is.null(Y0)) { # We've worked with a downsampled point set
Yt <- apply_transformation(Y0, R, t, s)
}
Yt <- restore_coordinates(Yt, Xs[["mu"]], Ys[["sigma"]])
return(list(Y = Yt, R = R, t = t*Ys[["sigma"]], s = s, P = P, sigma = sigma, iter = steps, converged = converged))
}
#' icp
#'
#' Rigid registration of two point sets using the iterative closest point algorithm.
#'
#' @param X reference point set, a N x D matrix
#' @param Y point set to transform, a M x D matrix,
#' @param weights vector of length nrow(Y) containing weights for each point in Y. Not implemented.
#' @param scale logical (default: FALSE), whether to use scaling.
#' @param subsample if set, use this randomly selected fraction of the points
#' @param iterations number of iterations to perform (default: 100)
#' @param tol tolerance for determining convergence
#' @return a list of
#' \itemize{
#' \item Y: transformed point set, a M x D matrix,
#' \item R: rotation matrix,
#' \item t: translation vector,
#' \item s: scaling factor,
#' \item iter: number of iterations performed,
#' \item conv: boolean, whether the algorithm has converged.
#' }
#' @examples
#' data.file1 <- system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusA.txt", package = "LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE)
#' PS1 <- read.csv(data.file1, sep = '\t', header = FALSE)
#' data.file2 <- system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusB.txt", package = "LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE)
#' PS2 <- read.csv(data.file2, sep = '\t', header = FALSE)
#' transformation <- icp(PS1, PS2, iterations = 10, tol = 1e-3)
#' \dontrun{
#' # Visualize registration outcome
#' library(rgl)
#' plot3d(PS1, col = "blue")
#' points3d(PS2, col = "green")
#' points3d(transformation[['Y']], col = "magenta")
#' }
#' @export
icp <- function(X, Y, weights = NULL, iterations = 100, subsample = NULL, scale = FALSE, tol = 1e-3) {
if (dim(Y)[2]!=dim(X)[2]) {
stop("ERROR: Point sets must have same dimension")
}
if (!is.null(subsample) && (subsample >= 1 || subsample<=0)) {
stop("ERROR: subsample must be a fraction between 0 and 1")
}
D <- dim(X)[2]
X <- as.matrix(X)
Xs <- standardize_coordinates(X)
X <- Xs[["X"]]
Y <- as.matrix(Y)
Ys <- standardize_coordinates(Y)
Y <- Ys[["X"]]
Y0 <- NULL
if(!is.null(subsample)) {
sample.X <- sample(nrow(X), floor(subsample * nrow(X)))
sample.Y <- sample(nrow(Y), floor(subsample * nrow(Y)))
X <- X[sample.X,]
Y0 <- Y
Y <- Y[sample.Y,]
if(!is.null(weights)) {
weights <- weights[sample.Y, sample.X]
}
}
M <- dim(Y)[1]
N <- dim(X)[1]
R <- diag(D)
t <- rep(0, D)
s <- 1
Yt <- Y
iter <- 0
converged <- FALSE
err <- 1e154
R.final <- diag(D)
t.final <- rep(0,D)
s.final <- 1
while(iter<iterations) {
iter <- iter + 1
# Find closest points in X
nn <- RANN::nn2(X, Yt, k = 1, searchtype = "standard")
Xc <- X[nn[["nn.idx"]], ]
old.err <- err
err <- sum((Xc-Yt)^2)
if(abs(old.err-err)/err<tol) {
converged <- TRUE
break
}
# Compute R and t
muX <- colMeans(Xc)
muY <- colMeans(Yt)
Xhat <- as.matrix(Xc-muX)
Yhat <- as.matrix(Yt-muY)
A <- t(Xhat) %*% Yhat
svd.A <- svd(A)
C <- diag(D)
C[length(C)] <- det(svd.A$u) * det(svd.A$v)
R <- svd.A$u %*% C %*% t(svd.A$v)
if(scale) {
s <- sum(A*R)/sum(t(Yhat) %*% Yhat)
s.final <- s.final * s
}
t <- muX - s * R %*% muY
Yt <- apply_transformation(Yt, R, t, s)
R.final <- R %*% R.final
t.final <- t.final + t
}
if(!is.null(Y0)) { # We've worked with a downsampled point set
Yt <- apply_transformation(Y0, R.final, t.final, s.final)
}
Yt <- restore_coordinates(Yt, Xs[["mu"]], Ys[["sigma"]])
return(list(Y = Yt, R = R.final, t = t.final*Ys[["sigma"]], s = s, iter = iter, conv = converged))
}
#' wgmmreg
#'
#' Rigid registration of two point sets by minimizing the Wasserstein distance between GMMs
#'
#' @param X reference point set, a N x D matrix
#' @param Y point set to transform, a M x D matrix,
#' @param CX array of covariance matrices for each point in X
#' @param CY array of covariance matrices for each point in Y
#' @param wx (optional) vector of mixture weights for X.
#' @param wy (optional) vector of mixture weights for Y.
#' @param maxIter maximum number of iterations to perform (default: 200)
#' @param subsample if set, use this randomly selected fraction of the points
#' @param tol tolerance for determining convergence (default: 1e-8)
#' @return a list of
#' \itemize{
#' \item Y: transformed point set,
#' \item R: rotation matrix,
#' \item t: translation vector,
#' \item c: final value of the cost function,
#' \item converged: logical, whether the algorithm converged.
#' }
#' @examples
#' data.file1 <- system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusA.txt", package = "LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE)
#' PS1 <- read.csv(data.file1, sep = '\t', header = FALSE)
#' data.file2 <- system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusB.txt", package = "LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE)
#' C1 <- diag(0.1, ncol(PS1)) + jitter(0.01, amount = 0.01)
#' C1 <- replicate(nrow(PS1),C1)
#' PS2 <- read.csv(data.file2, sep = '\t', header = FALSE)
#' C2 <- diag(0.1, ncol(PS2)) + jitter(0.01, amount = 0.01)
#' C2 <- replicate(nrow(PS2),C2)
#' transformation <- wgmmreg(PS1, PS2, C1, C2, subsample = 0.1, maxIter = 30, tol = 1e-4)
#' \dontrun{
#' # Visualize registration outcome
#' library(rgl)
#' plot3d(PS1, col = "blue")
#' points3d(PS2, col = "green")
#' points3d(transformation[['Y']], col = "magenta")
#' }
#' @export
wgmmreg <- function(X, Y, CX, CY, wx = NULL, wy = NULL, maxIter = 200, subsample = NULL, tol = 1e-8) {
if (dim(Y)[2]!=dim(X)[2]) {
stop("ERROR: Point sets must have same dimension")
}
if (!is.null(subsample) && (subsample >= 1 || subsample<=0)) {
stop("ERROR: subsample must be a fraction between 0 and 1")
}
D <- dim(X)[2]
X <- as.matrix(X)
Xs <- standardize_coordinates(X)
X <- Xs[["X"]]
Y <- as.matrix(Y)
Ys <- standardize_coordinates(Y)
Y <- Ys[["X"]]
Y0 <- NULL
if(!is.null(subsample)) {
Y0 <- Y
sample.X <- sample(nrow(X), floor(subsample * nrow(X)))
sample.Y <- sample(nrow(Y), floor(subsample * nrow(Y)))
X <- X[sample.X,]
Y <- Y[sample.Y,]
}
D2 <- D*D
if (D == 2) {
Tr <- c(0,0,0) # translation vector + rotation angle
} else {
Tr <- c(0,0,0,0,0,0,1) # translation vector + quaternion
}
# Pre-compute sqrtm(sqrtm(CXi) %*% CYj %*% sqrtm(CXi)) for all covariance matrices
k1 <- nrow(X)
k2 <- nrow(Y)
S <- array(0, dim = c(k1, k2, D, D))
for(i in 1:k1) {
for(j in 1:k2) {
S1 <- CX[,,i]
S2 <- CY[,,j]
sqS1 <- pracma::sqrtm(S1)$B
S[i,j,,] <- pracma::sqrtm(sqS1 %*% S2 %*% sqS1)$B
}
}
if(is.null(wx)) {
wx <- rep(1, k1)/k1
}
if(is.null(wy)) {
wy <- rep(1, k2)/k2
}
# Registration by minimizing Wasserstein distance between GMMs
converged = FALSE
opt <- stats::optim(par = Tr, fn = costWd, gr = gradientWd,
method = "BFGS",
control = list(maxit = maxIter, reltol = tol),
X = X, Y = Y, CX = CX, CY = CY, S = S, w1 = wx, w2 = wy)
if(opt$convergence != 0) {
warning("Optimisation did not converge.\n")
if(opt$convergence == 1) {
warning("Maximum number of optimisation iterations reached.\n")
} else {
warning("There's been an error during optimisation.\n")
}
} else {
converged = TRUE
}
cost <- opt$value
# Extract rotation matrix and translation vector
if (D == 2) {
r <- opt$par[3] # rotation angle in radians
R <- matrix(c(cos(r), -sin(r), sin(r), cos(r)), ncol = 2, nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
t <- Tr[1:2]
} else {
R <- q2r(opt$par[4:7]) # Convert quaternion to rotation matrix
t <- opt$par[1:3]
}
if(!is.null(Y0)) {
# Restore full Y after subsampling
Y <- Y0
}
Yt <- apply_transformation(Y, R, t, 1)
Yt <- restore_coordinates(Yt, Xs[["mu"]], Ys[["sigma"]])
return(list(Y = Yt, R = R, t = t*Ys[["sigma"]], c = cost, converged = converged))
}
#' costWd
#'
#' Objective function to minimize when using GMMs
#'
#' @param Tr Transformation vector as translation vector + rotation (angle in 2d, quaternion in 3d))
#' @param X matrix of means of first GMM (i.e. reference point set)
#' @param Y matrix of means of second GMM (i.e. moving point set)
#' @param CX array of covariance matrices of first GMM such that X[i,] has covariance matrix CX[,,i]
#' @param CY array of covariance matrices of second GMM such that Y[i,] has covariance matrix CY[,,i]
#' @param w1 (optional) vector of mixture weights of first GMM.
#' @param w2 (optional) vector of mixture weights of second GMM.
#' @param S (optional) array of pre-computed sqrtm(sqrtm(CX[,,i]) \%*\% CY[,,j] \%*\% sqrtm(CX[,,i]))
#' @return cost value
#' @export
costWd <- function(Tr, X, Y, CX, CY, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL, S = NULL) {
d <- dim(X)[2]
d2 <- d*d
if (d == 2) {
r <- Tr[3] # rotation angle in radians
R <- matrix(c(cos(r), -sin(r), sin(r), cos(r)), ncol = 2, nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
t <- Tr[1:2]
} else {
R <- q2r(Tr[4:7]) # Convert quaternion to rotation matrix
t <- Tr[1:3]
}
Yt <- apply_transformation(Y, R, t, 1)
c <- GMM_Wd(X, Yt, CX, CY, w1 = w1, w2 = w2, S = S)
return(c[['d']])
}
#' gradientWd
#'
#' Gradient of the objective function with respect to rotation and translation parameters
#'
#' @param Tr Transformation vector as translation vector + rotation (angle in 2d, quaternion in 3d))
#' @param X matrix of means of first GMM (i.e. reference point set)
#' @param Y matrix of means of second GMM (i.e. moving point set)
#' @param CX array of covariance matrices of first GMM such that X[i,] has covariance matrix C1[,,i]
#' @param CY array of covariance matrices of second GMM such that Y[i,] has covariance matrix C2[,,i]
#' @param w1 (optional) vector of mixture weights of first GMM.
#' @param w2 (optional) vector of mixture weights of second GMM.
#' @param S (optional) array of pre-computed sqrtm(sqrtm(CX[,,i]) \%*\% CY[,,j] \%*\% sqrtm(CX[,,i]))
#' @return gradient vector
#' @export
gradientWd <- function(Tr, X, Y, CX, CY, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL, S = NULL) {
k1 <- nrow(X)
k2 <- nrow(Y)
if(is.null(w1)) {
w1 <- rep(1, k1)/k1
}
if(is.null(w2)) {
w2 <- rep(1, k2)/k2
}
d <- dim(X)[2]
d2 <- d*d
if (d == 2) {
r <- Tr[3] # rotation angle in radians
R <- matrix(c(cos(r), -sin(r), sin(r), cos(r)), ncol = 2, nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE)
dRdq <- matrix(c(-sin(r), -cos(r), cos(r), -sin(r)), ncol = 2, nrow = 2, byrow = TRUE) # dR/dr
t <- Tr[1:2]
} else {
R <- q2r(Tr[4:7]) # Convert quaternion to rotation matrix
dRdq <- q2dr(Tr[4:7]) # dR/dq
t <- Tr[1:3]
}
Yt <- apply_transformation(Y, R, t, 1)
ot <- GMM_Wd(X, Yt, CX, CY, w1 = w1, w2 = w2, S = S)[['ot']]
gradient <- rep(0, length(Tr))
for(i in 1:k1) {
for(j in 1:k2) {
dfdR <- -2 * ot[i,j] * (matrix(X[i,], ncol = 1) %*% matrix(Y[j,], nrow = 1))
if(d == 2) {
dfdq <- dfdR * dRdq
gradient[3] <- gradient[3] + sum(dfdq)
} else {
gradient[4] <- gradient[4] + sum(dfdR * dRdq[[1]])
gradient[5] <- gradient[5] + sum(dfdR * dRdq[[2]])
gradient[6] <- gradient[6] + sum(dfdR * dRdq[[3]])
gradient[7] <- gradient[7] + sum(dfdR * dRdq[[4]])
}
dfdt <- ot[i,j] * as.matrix(Yt[j,] - X[i,])
gradient[1:d] <- gradient[1:d] + dfdt
}
}
return(gradient)
}
#' Gaussian_Wd
#'
#' Compute 2-Wasserstein distance between two Gaussian distributions
#'
#' @param m1 mean of first distribution
#' @param m2 mean of second distribution
#' @param S1 variance of first distribution
#' @param S2 variance of second distribution
#' @param S (optional) matrix of pre-computed sqrtm(sqrtm(S1) \%*\% S2 \%*\% sqrtm(S1))
#' @return distance value
#' @export
Gaussian_Wd <- function(m1, m2, S1, S2, S = NULL) {
if(is.null(S)) {
sqS1 <- pracma::sqrtm(S1)$B # faster than expm::sqrtm
S <- pracma::sqrtm(sqS1 %*% S2 %*% sqS1)$B
}
d <- sum((m1 - m2)^2) + tr(S1+S2-2*S)
return(d)
}
#' GMM_Wd
#'
#' Compute 2-Wasserstein distance between two Gaussian mixture models
#' See: Delon J, Desolneux A. (2019) A Wasserstein-type distance in the space of Gaussian Mixture Models. hal-02178204v2
#'
#' @param m1 matrix of means of first GMM
#' @param m2 matrix of means of second GMM
#' @param S1 array of covariance matrices of first GMM such that m1[i,] has covariance matrix S1[,,i]
#' @param S2 array of covariance matrices of second GMM such that m2[i,] has covariance matrix S2[,,i]
#' @param w1 (optional) vector of mixture weights of first GMM.
#' @param w2 (optional) vector of mixture weights of second GMM.
#' @param S (optional) array of pre-computed sqrtm(sqrtm(S1[,,i]) \%*\% S2[,,j] \%*\% sqrtm(S1[,,i]))
#' @return list of distance value d and optimal transport matrix ot
#' @export
GMM_Wd <- function(m1, m2, S1, S2, w1 = NULL, w2 = NULL, S = NULL) {
k1 <- nrow(m1)
k2 <- nrow(m2)
if(is.null(w1)) {
w1 <- rep(1, k1)/k1
}
if(is.null(w2)) {
w2 <- rep(1, k2)/k2
}
# Matrix of pairwise distances between all Gaussians from the two GMMs
M <- matrix(0, nrow = k1, ncol = k2)
for(i in 1:k1) {
M[i,] <- sapply(1:k2, FUN = function(j) {Gaussian_Wd(m1[i,], m2[j,], S1[,,i], S2[,,j], S = S[i,j,,])})
}
# Compute optimal transport plan
ot <- transport::transport(w1, w2, M, method = "networkflow")
# Reshape data frame into a matrix
ot <- reshape2::acast(ot, from~to, value.var="mass")
ot[is.na(ot)] <- 0
d <- sum(ot * M)
return(list(d = d, ot = ot))
}
#' Get derivative of 3D rotation matrix from quaternion
#'
#' @param q quaternion
#' @return derivative of rotation matrix
q2dr <- function(q) {
a <- q[4]
b <- q[1]
c <- q[2]
d <- q[3]
a2 <- a * a
b2 <- b * b
c2 <- c * c
d2 <- d * d
z <- a2 + b2 + c2 + d2
z2 <- z * z
R <- q2r(q)
dR1 <- matrix(0, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
dR2 <- matrix(0, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
dR3 <- matrix(0, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
dR4 <- matrix(0, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
# Diagonal terms
dR1[1,1] <- +4 * b * (c2 + d2) / z2;
dR2[1,1] <- -4 * c * (b2 + a2) / z2;
dR3[1,1] <- -4 * d * (b2 + a2) / z2;
dR4[1,1] <- +4 * a * (c2 + d2) / z2;
dR1[2,2] <- -4 * b * (c2 + a2) / z2;
dR2[2,2] <- +4 * c * (b2 + d2) / z2;
dR3[2,2] <- -4 * d * (c2 + a2) / z2;
dR4[2,2] <- +4 * a * (b2 + d2) / z2;
dR1[3,3] <- -4 * b * (d2 + a2) / z2;
dR2[3,3] <- -4 * c * (a2 + d2) / z2;
dR3[3,3] <- +4 * d * (b2 + c2) / z2;
dR4[3,3] <- +4 * a * (b2 + c2) / z2;
# Off-diagonal terms
dR1[1,2] <- +2 * c / z - 2 * b * R[1,2] / z2;
dR2[1,2] <- +2 * b / z - 2 * c * R[1,2] / z2;
dR3[1,2] <- -2 * a / z - 2 * d * R[1,2] / z2;
dR4[1,2] <- -2 * d / z - 2 * a * R[1,2] / z2;
dR1[1,3] <- +2 * d / z - 2 * b * R[1,3] / z2;
dR2[1,3] <- +2 * a / z - 2 * c * R[1,3] / z2;
dR3[1,3] <- +2 * b / z - 2 * d * R[1,3] / z2;
dR4[1,3] <- +2 * c / z - 2 * a * R[1,3] / z2;
dR1[2,1] <- +2 * c / z - 2 * b * R[2,1] / z2;
dR2[2,1] <- +2 * b / z - 2 * c * R[2,1] / z2;
dR3[2,1] <- +2 * a / z - 2 * d * R[2,1] / z2;
dR4[2,1] <- +2 * d / z - 2 * a * R[2,1] / z2;
dR1[2,3] <- -2 * a / z - 2 * b * R[2,3] / z2;
dR2[2,3] <- +2 * d / z - 2 * c * R[2,3] / z2;
dR3[2,3] <- +2 * c / z - 2 * d * R[2,3] / z2;
dR4[2,3] <- -2 * b / z - 2 * a * R[2,3] / z2;
dR1[3,1] <- +2 * d / z - 2 * b * R[3,1] / z2;
dR2[3,1] <- -2 * a / z - 2 * c * R[3,1] / z2;
dR3[3,1] <- +2 * b / z - 2 * d * R[3,1] / z2;
dR4[3,1] <- -2 * c / z - 2 * a * R[3,1] / z2;
dR1[3,2] <- +2 * a / z - 2 * b * R[3,2] / z2;
dR2[3,2] <- +2 * d / z - 2 * c * R[3,2] / z2;
dR3[3,2] <- +2 * c / z - 2 * d * R[3,2] / z2;
dR4[3,2] <- +2 * b / z - 2 * a * R[3,2] / z2;
return(list(dR1,dR2,dR3,dR4))
}
#' Convert quaternion to rotation matrix
#' http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternions_and_spatial_rotation
#'
#' @param q quaternion
#' @return rotation matrix
q2r <- function(q) {
a <- q[4];
b <- q[1];
c <- q[2];
d <- q[3];
a2 <- a * a;
b2 <- b * b;
c2 <- c * c;
d2 <- d * d;
bc <- b * c;
cd <- c * d;
bd <- b * d;
ab <- a * b;
ac <- a * c;
ad <- a * d;
R <- matrix(0, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
# Diagonal terms
R[1,1] <- a2 + b2 - c2 - d2;
R[2,2] <- a2 - b2 + c2 - d2;
R[3,3] <- a2 - b2 - c2 + d2;
# Off-diagonal terms
R[1,2] <- 2 * (bc - ad);
R[1,3] <- 2 * (bd + ac);
R[2,1] <- 2 * (bc + ad);
R[2,3] <- 2 * (cd - ab);
R[3,1] <- 2 * (bd - ac);
R[3,2] <- 2 * (cd + ab);
# Normalise (make rotation matrix orthogonal)
z <- a2 + b2 + c2 + d2;
R <- R / z;
return(R)
}
#' jrmpc
#'
#' Joint registration of multiple point sets
#' See: G. D. Evangelidis, D. Kounades-Bastian, R. Horaud, andE. Z. Psarakis.
#' A generative model for the joint registration of multiple point sets.
#' In European Conference on Computer Vision, pages 109–122. Springer, 2014
#'
#' @param V list of point sets as N x D matrices
#' @param C (optional) list of arrays of covariance matrices with C[[j]][,,i] the covariance matrix associated with point i of set j.
#' @param K (optional) number of components of the GMM, defaults to the average number of points in a set.
#' @param g (optional) proportion of noisy points, defaults to 1/K. If set, priors will be initialized uniformly.
#' @param initialPriors (optional) vector of length K of prior probabilities. Defaults to uniform distribution using g.
#' If set, will determine g so it is an error to specify g with initialPriors.
#' @param maxIter maximum number of iterations to perform (default: 100).
#' @param fixedVarIter number of iterations before starting variance updates
#' @param updatePriors logical, whether to update priors at each iteration (default: TRUE).
#' @param tol tolerance for determining convergence (default: 1e-2).
#' @param initializeBy (optional) how to initialize the GMM means. Defaults to distributing the means on the surface of the sphere enclosing all (centred) sets.
#' Currently supported values are:
#' \itemize{
#' \item 'sampling': sample from the data,
#' \item a K x D matrix of points
#'}
#' @param model.selection whether to perform model selection (default: FALSE).
#' If set to TRUE, GMM components with no support in the data are deleted.
#' @param model.selection.threshold value below which we consider a GMM component has no support, set to 1/K if not explicitly given
#' @param rotation.only if set to TRUE, no translation is performed (default: FALSE)
#' @return a list of
#' \itemize{
#' \item Y: list of transformed point sets as N x d matrices,
#' \item R: list of d x d rotation matrices, one for each point set in V,
#' \item t: list of translation vectors, one for each point set in V,
#' \item M: centres of the GMM,
#' \item S: variances of the GMM.
#' \item a: list of posterior probabilities as N x K matrices
#' \item iter: number of iterations
#' \item conv: error value used to evaluate convergence relative to tol
#' \item z: support scores of the GMM components
#' }
#' @examples
#' X <- read.csv(system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusA.txt", package="LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE), sep = "\t")
#' Y <- read.csv(system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusB.txt", package="LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE), sep = "\t")
#' Z <- read.csv(system.file("test_data", "parasaurolophusC.txt", package="LOMAR",
#' mustWork = TRUE), sep = "\t")
#' PS <- list(X, Y, Z)
#' C <- list()
#' for(i in 1:3) {
#' cv <- diag(0.1, ncol(PS[[i]])) + jitter(0.01, amount = 0.01)
#' cv <- replicate(nrow(PS[[i]]), cv)
#' C[[i]] <- cv
#'}
#' transformation <- jrmpc(PS, C = C, K = 100, maxIter = 20, tol = 0.01,
#' model.selection = TRUE)
#' \dontrun{
#' # Visualize registration outcome
#' library(rgl)
#' colours <- c("blue", "green", "magenta")
#' Yt <- transformation[['Y']]
#' plot3d(Yt[[1]], col = colours[1])
#' for(i in 2:length(Yt)) {
#' points3d(Yt[[i]], col = colours[i])
#' }
#' # Visualize GMM centres highlighting those with high variance
#' GMM <- as.data.frame(cbind(transformation[['M']], transformation[['S']]))
#' colnames(GMM) <- c("x", "y", "z", "S")
#' colours <- rep("blue", nrow(GMM))
#' # Find high variance components
#' threshold <- quantile(transformation[['S']], 0.75)
#' high.var.idx <- which(transformation[['S']]>threshold)
#' colours[high.var.idx] <- "red"
#' plot3d(GMM[, c("x", "y", "z")], col = colours, type = 's', size = 2, box = FALSE, xlab = '',
#' ylab = '', zlab = '', xlim = c(-0.15,0.15), ylim = c(-0.15, 0.15),
#' zlim = c(-0.15, 0.15))
#' }
#' @export
jrmpc <-function(V, C = NULL, K = NULL, g = NULL, initialPriors = NULL, updatePriors = TRUE,
maxIter = 100, fixedVarIter = 0, tol = 1e-2, initializeBy = NULL,
model.selection = FALSE, model.selection.threshold = NULL, rotation.only = FALSE) {
M <- length(V); # Number of point sets
d <- ncol(V[[1]]) # Dimensions of the point sets
if(!is.null(initialPriors) && !is.null(g)) {
stop("ERROR: only one of initialPriors and g should be specified.")
}
if(is.null(C)) {
C <- list()
for(j in 1:M) {
C[[j]] <- replicate(nrow(V[[j]]), diag(1, d))
}
}
####################
## Initialization ##
####################
## Centre on origin
Vs <- list()
for(j in 1:M) {
Vs[[j]] <- standardize_coordinates(V[[j]])
V[[j]] <- Vs[[j]][["X"]]
}
# Radius of enclosing sphere
radius <- max(unlist(lapply(V, function(v) {as.vector(proxy::dist(v))})))/2
## Number of componemts in the GMM
if(is.null(K)) {
K <- round(mean(sapply(V, nrow))) # Mean number of points in a set
if(model.selection) {
# Make K large enough
K <- 2 * K
}
} else if(!is.null(initializeBy) && !is.null(nrow(initializeBy))) {
K <- nrow(initializeBy)
}
## Initial GMM means
X <- matrix(NA, nrow = K, ncol = d)
if(!is.null(initializeBy) && !is.null(nrow(initializeBy))) {
# Use given matrix of centres
if(nrow(initializeBy) != K || ncol(initializeBy) != d) {
stop("ERROR: Incorrect dimensions for initializeBy matrix of centres.")
}
X <- initializeBy
} else if(!is.null(initializeBy) && initializeBy == 'sampling') {
## Sample from the data
idx <- sample(1:M, K, replace = TRUE)
for(i in 1:K) {
k <- sample(1:nrow(V[[idx[i]]]), 1)
X[i,] <- V[[idx[i]]][k,]
}
} else {
## Distribute on the enclosing sphere
for(i in 1:K) {
X[i,] <- stats::rnorm(d)
l <- sum(X[i,]^2)
X[i,] <- (X[i,]/l) * radius
}
}
if(model.selection && is.null(model.selection.threshold)) {
model.selection.threshold <- 1/K
}
## Initial rotations and translations
R <- lapply(1:M, function(i) { diag(d) })
if(rotation.only) {
t <- rep(list(rep(0, d)), M)
} else {
t <- lapply(V, function(v) {colMeans(X) - colMeans(v)})
}
TV <- list()
for(j in 1:M) {
TV[[j]] <- t(apply(V[[j]], 1, function(p) {R[[j]] %*% as.matrix(p) + t[[j]]}))
}
## Initial GMM variances S as median distance between X and all the points in V
dist <- unlist(lapply(TV, function(y) {as.vector(proxy::dist(y, X)^2)}))
S <- rep(stats::median(dist), K)
if(is.null(initialPriors)) {
p <- rep(1/(K+1),K)
} else {
p <- initialPriors
g <- (1-sum(p))/sum(p)
}
if(is.null(g)) {
g <- (1-sum(p))/sum(p)
} else {
p <- rep(1/(K*(g+1)),K)
}
N <- sum(sapply(V, nrow))
## Parameter h should be proportional to the volume that
## encompasses all the point sets.
## Set to it the volume of the enclosing sphere.
if(d == 2) {
h = pi*radius^2
} else {
h <- (4/3)*pi/(radius^3)
}
u <- g/(h*(g+1)) # noise component
alpha <- list() # posterior probabilities
lambda <- list()
W <- list() # Mixture weights
for(j in 1:M) {
n <- nrow(TV[[j]])
alpha[[j]] <- matrix(0, nrow = n, ncol = K)
W[[j]] <- matrix(NA, nrow = K, ncol = d)
}
P <- list()
e <- matrix(1, nrow = K, ncol = 1)
#########################
## EM algorithm ##
#########################
for (iter in 1:maxIter) {
## E-step: posterior probabilities
for(j in 1:M) {
n <- nrow(TV[[j]])
for(i in 1:n) {
sumk <- 0
sqe <- stats::mahalanobis(X, TV[[j]][i,], C[[j]][,,i])
for(k in 1:K) {
alpha[[j]][i,k] <- (p[k]*S[k]^(-1.5))*exp(-0.5*sqe[k]/S[k])
sumk <- sumk + alpha[[j]][i,k]
}
alpha[[j]][i,] <- alpha[[j]][i,]/(sumk+u) # Normalization
}
}
## M-step: rigid transformation
W <- list()
R <- list()
t <- list()
for(j in 1:M) {
n <- nrow(V[[j]])
lambda[[j]] <- as.matrix(colSums(alpha[[j]]))
W[[j]] <- t(alpha[[j]]) %*% V[[j]]
W[[j]] <- apply(W[[j]],2, function(x) { x/S})
mW <- as.matrix(colSums(W[[j]]))
b <- lambda[[j]]/S
mX <- t(X) %*% b
sumOfWeights <- drop(t(lambda[[j]]) %*% (1/S))
P <- (t(X) %*% W[[j]]) - (mX %*% t(mW))/sumOfWeights
svd.A <- svd(P)
tmp <- diag(d)
tmp[length(tmp)] <- det(svd.A$u) * det(svd.A$v)
R[[j]] <- svd.A$u %*% tmp %*% t(svd.A$v)
if(rotation.only) {
t[[j]] <- rep(0,d)
} else {
t[[j]] <- (mX - R[[j]] %*% mW)/sumOfWeights
}
}
## M-step: Update GMMs
## Transform point sets
for(j in 1:M) {
TV[[j]] <- t(apply(V[[j]], 1, function(p) { R[[j]] %*% as.matrix(p) + t[[j]]}))
}
## Update GMM means
X.old <- X
tmp <- do.call(cbind, lambda)
den <- rowSums(tmp)
X <- list()
for(j in 1:M) {
X[[j]] <- t(alpha[[j]]) %*% TV[[j]]
}
X <- Reduce("+", X)
X <- X/den
## Update GMM variances S
if(iter>fixedVarIter) {
S <- list()
for(j in 1:M) {
sqe <- matrix(NA, nrow = nrow(TV[[j]]), ncol = K)
for(i in 1:nrow(TV[[j]])) {
sqe[i,] <- stats::mahalanobis(X, TV[[j]][i,], C[[j]][,,i])
}
S[[j]] <- alpha[[j]] * sqe
S[[j]] <- colSums(S[[j]])
}
S <- Reduce("+", S)/(3*den) + 1e-9
}
## Update priors
if(updatePriors) {
p <- den/((g+1)*sum(den))
}
## Check for convergence
conv <- sum(abs(X.old - X))
if(conv < tol) {
converged <- TRUE
break
}
## Compute support for the GMM components
## using minimum message length approach as in
## M. A. T. Figueiredo and A. K. Jain, “Unsupervised learning of finite
## mixture models,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
## Intelligence, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 381–396, 2002.
z <- 0
for(j in 1:M) {
z <- z + lambda[[j]]
}
z <- z - d
z[z<0] <- 0
z <- z/sum(z)
if(model.selection) {
## Check if we should remove components from the GMM
comp.to.remove <- which(z<=model.selection.threshold)
n.to.remove <- length(comp.to.remove)
if(n.to.remove>0 && n.to.remove<K) { # No support for some components, remove them
K <- K - n.to.remove
X <- X[-comp.to.remove,]
S <- S[-comp.to.remove]
for(j in 1:M) {
alpha[[j]] <- alpha[[j]][,-comp.to.remove]
}
}
}
}
for(j in 1:M) {
TV[[j]] <- restore_coordinates(TV[[j]], rep(0,d), Vs[[j]][["sigma"]])
t[[j]] <- t[[j]] * Vs[[j]][["sigma"]]
}
return(list(Y = TV, R = R, t = t, M = X, S = S, a = alpha, iter = iter, conv = conv, z = z))
}
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